Symbiont-host interactome mapping reveals effector-targeted modulation of hormone networks and activation of growth promotion

Abstract

Plants have benefited from interactions with symbionts for coping with challenging environments since the colonisation of land. The mechanisms of symbiont-mediated beneficial effects and similarities and differences to pathogen strategies are mostly unknown. Here, we use 106 (effector-) proteins, secreted by the symbiont Serendipita indica (Si) to modulate host physiology, to map interactions with Arabidopsis thaliana host proteins. Using integrative network analysis, we show significant convergence on target-proteins shared with pathogens and exclusive targeting of Arabidopsis proteins in the phytohormone signalling network. Functional in planta screening and phenotyping of Si effectors and interacting proteins reveals previously unknown hormone functions of Arabidopsis proteins and direct beneficial activities mediated by effectors in Arabidopsis. Thus, symbionts and pathogens target a shared molecular microbe-host interface. At the same time Si effectors specifically target the plant hormone network and constitute a powerful resource for elucidating the signalling network function and boosting plant productivity.

A gut meta-interactome map reveals modulation of human immunity by microbiome effectors

“…Thus, the 60 human proteins targeted by effectors from four or even more commensal strains are subject to effector convergence and may be of general importance for human microbe-host interactions. Together with our recently published plant-symbiont interaction data 31 , these data suggest that convergence has evolved as a universal feature of effector-host interactions independent of the microbial lifestyle and kingdom of the host organism.…”

“…The presence of T3SS in human commensal microbes has been noticed previously and was speculated to mediate crosstalk between the intestinal microbiota and the human host 66,67 . Here, we provide evidence that, analogous to the plant kingdom 31,68 , also in the human gut T3SS and effectors function in commensal microbe-host interactions and modulate immune signaling. Thus, effector secretion appears to be used universally by Pseudomonadota to mediate interactions with multicellular eukaryotes independently of the lifestyle of the microbe.…”

Symbiont effector‐guided mapping of proteins in plant networks to improve crop climate stress resilience

“…It indicated that modulation of hormones is not only involved in colonisation strategies but supports the hypothesis that Si effectors recruit specific proteins of the hormone network to confer beneficial traits. [85] Functional assays confirmed that in addition to targeting hormone related proteins symbiotic effectors alter hormone signalling pathways in planta. Hormone marker assays in protoplasts identified extensive and highly specific hormone signalling modulation by Si effectors.…”

“…[77,89] Our comparative effectome analysis identified Si effectors that shared targets with pathogen effectors and were most likely involved in PTI modification at initial cell colonisation. The majority of symbiotic effectors, however, had exclusive targets [85] which may indicate Si effector-host protein interactions involved in the activation of beneficial pathways. A subsequent annotation analyses revealed an abundant function of Si effectors in interacting with hormone pathways.…”

“…A subsequent annotation analyses revealed an abundant function of Si effectors in interacting with hormone pathways. [85] The data suggested a function of effectors on plant hormones to regulate beneficial host traits.…”