“…to understand how to value materials, utilities, and by-products formerly considered as waste), collaboration and knowledge sharing among different companies and stakeholders are key enablers for creating symbiotic collaborations (Chertow and Ehrenfeld, 2012;Mortensen and Kørnøv, 2019). The IS paradigm is thus a collaborative CE paradigm, where different companies jointly collaborate to value materials, utilities, and by-products, formerly disposed because considered as waste, with the ultimate objective of closing resources loops (Agudo et al, 2023;Chertow and Ehrenfeld, 2012;Chertow, 2000;Fraccascia, 2019;Herczeg et al, 2018;Neves et al, 2020).…”