Symbol manipulation: Alternatives to the computational view of mind

The Inferential Basis of Familiarity and Recall: Evidence for a Common Underlying Process

“…This commonality of process has led us to believe that, despite obvious differences in the mental content of the two experiences the two states share common cause. We suggest that at the most fundamental level of analysis, all behavior is controlled by the cued production of mental events (e.g., Jacoby, 1983;Kolers & Smythe, 1984;Roediger & Challis, 1992) and the unconscious evaluation and attribution of that production (e.g., …”

Implicit learning of complex structures: active adaptation and selective processing in acquisition and application

“…There is an alternative theory of "implicit memory" that does not invoke multiple memory systems-the transfer-appropriate processing theory (Jacoby, 1983;Kolers & Smythe, 1984;Roediger, Weldon, & Challis, 1989). The idea of transfer-appropriate processing was originally applied (by Morris, Bransford, & Franks, 1977) to explain observations that performance on a recognition test depended on the similarity of test conditions to training conditions.…”

Metaphor: From Fixedness and Selection to Differentiation and Creation

“…Likewise, the very elements of meaning must be defined in terms of the manifold of the organism's action in the world. An example of such terms are "affordances," as defined by James Gibson (1979) and his followers in the school of ecological psychology; psychological frameworks couched in action rather than symbol manipulation have also been proposed by Johnson-Laird (1982,1983) and by Kolers and Smythe (1984); the appraisal that the basic terms of psychology should reflect the characteristics of the organism's behavior as a whole is also a fundamental tenet of Vygotsky's psychology (for a review, see Zinchenko 1985). Additional developmental data supporting the view that the child perceives the world in terms of the manifold of his or her actions in the world can be found in the works of Eleanor Gibson, cited above.…”