Symmorphosis and the insect respiratory system: a comparison between flight and hopping muscle

Snelling, Edward P.; Seymour, Roger S.; Runciman, Sue; Matthews, Philip G. D.; White, Craig R.

doi:10.1242/jeb.072975

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 65 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In addition, the density of mitochondria in locust flight muscle is only 20% (Snelling et al, 2012), which is also modest compared with reports of around 40% in other insects (Casey et al, 1992;Josephson et al, 2000;Smith, 1963;Suarez et al, 2000). The study also calculated that each tracheole in the locust flight motor supplies oxygen to around 119m 2 of surrounding muscle, which cannot yet be compared against other insects because of a lack of data, but presumably species with flight motors operating at around twice the power-density of locusts should possess tracheoles that service around one-half the area of muscle.…”

Section: Low Energy Expenditure Of Locust Flightmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Accurate measurements of maximum oxygen consumption rate during locust flight are also necessary to evaluate the structure and function of the tracheal oxygen delivery system and mitochondria of the flight motor. This analysis is the subject of the companion paper (Snelling et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent morphometric analysis of the locust flight system confirms that flight muscle represents just 17% of locust body mass (Snelling et al, 2012), which compared with other insects is at the lower limit of a range that spans 17-56% (Marden, 1987). In addition, the density of mitochondria in locust flight muscle is only 20% (Snelling et al, 2012), which is also modest compared with reports of around 40% in other insects (Casey et al, 1992;Josephson et al, 2000;Smith, 1963;Suarez et al, 2000).…”

Section: Low Energy Expenditure Of Locust Flightmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Maximum metabolic rate, relative lift, wingbeat frequency, and stroke amplitude during tethered-flight in the adult locustLocusta migratoria

Snelling

Seymour

Matthews

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

. The modest flight metabolic rate of locusts is unlikely to be an artefact of individuals failing to exert themselves, because mean maximum lift was not significantly different from that required to support body mass (95±8%), mean wingbeat frequency was 23.7±0.6Hz, and mean stroke amplitude was 105±5deg in the forewing and 96±5deg in the hindwing -all of which are close to free-flight values. Instead, the low cost of flight could reflect the relatively small size and relatively modest anatomical power density of the locust flight motor, which is a likely evolutionary trade-off between flight muscle maintenance costs and aerial performance.

show abstract

Section: Low Energy Expenditure Of Locust Flightmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Low Energy Expenditure Of Locust Flightmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Maximum metabolic rate, relative lift, wingbeat frequency, and stroke amplitude during tethered-flight in the adult locustLocusta migratoria

Snelling

Seymour

Matthews

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The higher jump energy and longer jump distance of adult locusts could be facilitated by the slightly longer (12%) relative length of the adult hind leg, which, as already discussed for juveniles, would allow for increased jump energy by lengthening the distance over which the force acts. In addition, recently published data shows that adult femur muscle volume is 24% larger than that of similarly sized juveniles [24], [30], and if this is combined with the knowledge that adult femur length is 12% longer, the calculated mean cross-sectional area of the femur muscle is 11% larger. As discussed earlier, this is important because a relatively larger muscle cross-section would allow more strain to be loaded into the femur's cuticular springs, thus increasing jump energy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Effects of Temperature and Body Mass on Jump Performance of the Locust Locusta migratoria

2013

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Locusts jump by rapidly releasing energy from cuticular springs built into the hind femur that deform when the femur muscle contracts. This study is the first to examine the effect of temperature on jump energy at each life stage of any orthopteran. Ballistics and high-speed cinematography were used to quantify the energy, distance, and take-off angle of the jump at 15, 25, and 35°C in the locust Locusta migratoria. Allometric analysis across the five juvenile stages at 35°C reveals that jump distance (D; m) scales with body mass (M; g) according to the power equation D = 0.35M 0.17±0.08 (95% CI), jump take-off angle (A; degrees) scales as A = 52.5M 0.00±0.06, and jump energy (E; mJ per jump) scales as E = 1.91M 1.14±0.09. Temperature has no significant effect on the exponent of these relationships, and only a modest effect on the elevation, with an overall Q10 of 1.08 for jump distance and 1.09 for jump energy. On average, adults jump 87% farther and with 74% more energy than predicted based on juvenile scaling data. The positive allometric scaling of jump distance and jump energy across the juvenile life stages is likely facilitated by the concomitant relative increase in the total length (L f+t; mm) of the femur and tibia of the hind leg, L f+t = 34.9M 0.37±0.02. The weak temperature-dependence of jump performance can be traced to the maximum tension of the hind femur muscle and the energy storage capacity of the femur's cuticular springs. The disproportionately greater jump energy and jump distance of adults is associated with relatively longer (12%) legs and a relatively larger (11%) femur muscle cross-sectional area, which could allow more strain loading into the femur's cuticular springs. Augmented jump performance in volant adult locusts achieves the take-off velocity required to initiate flight.

show abstract

“…Locusts are important agricultural pests. In addition, well known for their ability to fly and to jump, locusts have long served as a model for studying insect muscle physiology (Pfluger & Duch, ; Snelling et al ., ). The physiologies of flight muscle and jump muscle of the locust are very different.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative exon‐encoding regions of Locusta migratoria muscle myosin modulate the pH dependence of ATPase activity

et al. 2016

Insect Molecular Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Whereas the vertebrate muscle myosin heavy chains (MHCs) are encoded by a family of Mhc genes, most insects examined to date contain a single Mhc gene and produce all of the different MHC isoforms by alternative RNA splicing. Here, we found that the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, has one Mhc gene, which contains 41 exons, including five alternative exclusive exons and one differently included penultimate exon, and potentially encodes 360 MHC isoforms. From the adult L. migratoria, we identified 14 MHC isoforms (including two identical isoforms): four from flight muscle (the thorax dorsal longitudinal muscle), three from jump muscle (the hind leg extensor tibiae muscle) and seven from the abdominal intersegmental muscle. We purified myosins from flight muscle and jump muscle and characterized their motor activities. At neutral pH, the flight and the jump muscle myosins displayed similar levels of in vitro actin-gliding activity, whereas the former had a slightly higher actin-activated ATPase activity than the latter. Interestingly, the pH dependences of the actin-activated ATPase activity of these two myosins are different. Because the dominant MHC isoforms in these two muscles are identical except for the two alternative exon-encoding regions, we propose that these two alternative regions modulate the pH dependence of L. migratoria muscle myosin.

show abstract

Symmorphosis and the insect respiratory system: a comparison between flight and hopping muscle

Abstract: -1 in the hopping muscles. Therefore, symmorphosis is upheld in the design of the tracheal system, but not in relation to the amount of mitochondria, which might be due to other factors operating at the molecular level.

Cited by 20 publications

References 65 publications

Maximum metabolic rate, relative lift, wingbeat frequency, and stroke amplitude during tethered-flight in the adult locustLocusta migratoria

Maximum metabolic rate, relative lift, wingbeat frequency, and stroke amplitude during tethered-flight in the adult locustLocusta migratoria

The Effects of Temperature and Body Mass on Jump Performance of the Locust Locusta migratoria

Alternative exon‐encoding regions of Locusta migratoria muscle myosin modulate the pH dependence of ATPase activity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About