Sympathetic Innervation of the Rat Choroid: An Autoradiographic Tracing and Immunohistochemical Study

Klooster, Jan; Beckers, Henny J. M.; Tusscher, M.P.M. ten; Vrensen, Gijs F.J.M.; Want, J.J.L. van der; Lamers, W.P.M.A.

doi:10.1159/000267871

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…choroidal arteries (Bergua et al 1996) and NVSMC of the stroma (Schrödl et al 2000), are also directly innervated by sympathetic adrenergic fibres (Ehinger 1967;Guglielmone and Cantino 1982;Klooster et al 1996;this study). Again, this is reminiscent of the arrangement in the digestive tract where postganglionic sympathetic neurons, in addition to their prominent termination in enteric ganglia, also innervate blood vessels and smooth muscle, particulary in sphincters (Furness and Costa 1987).…”

Section: Functional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye receive sympathetic input: anatomical evidence for adrenergic modulation of nitrergic functions in the choroid

Schrödl

Tines²,

Brehmer³

et al. 2001

Cell and Tissue Research

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Intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) in the duck eye form an intramural ganglionic plexus that may subserve complex integrative functions. A key feature of such ganglia is an innervation by sympathetic postganglionic neurons. The present study was thus aimed at determining the sympathetic postganglionic innervation of ICN. Choroids were processed for double immunofluorescence labelling with the following markers: tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)/nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), TH/galanin (GAL), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH)/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), TH/DBH and DBH/alpha-smooth-muscle actin (alphaSMA), and for triple immunofluorescence labelling with VIP/DBH/TH. Epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used for evaluation. Immunoperoxidase staining for TH or DBH in combination with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was applied for electron microscopy. ICN spread over the entire choroid but were concentrated in an equatorial zone passing obliquely from naso-cranial to temporocaudal. More than 80% of nNOS-positive ICN showed close appositions of TH/DBH-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibres at the light-microscopic level, as could be confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Ultrastructurally, these appositions could be defined as both synapses or close contacts without synaptic specialisation. Vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle fibres also received TH/DBH-immunopositive innervation. Our findings suggest that most ICN receive a sympathetic input that might modulate their nitrergic effects upon vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle fibres in the choroid and that they may have more complex functions than merely being a simple parasympathetic relay.

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Section: Functional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye receive sympathetic input: anatomical evidence for adrenergic modulation of nitrergic functions in the choroid

Schrödl

Tines²,

Brehmer³

et al. 2001

Cell and Tissue Research

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“…This innervation of preretinal vessels controls the blood flow of the preretinal blood vessel system. The sympathetic innervation of the rat choroid was investigated by means of anterograde tracer 3 H-leucine injected into the rostral part of the SCG [7]. Labeled unmyelinated fibers were found in the choroid and labeled terminals were observed in close proximity to the smooth muscle cells of arterioles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy Increases Choroidal Blood Flow in the Rabbit

Chou

Chen³

2000

Ophthalmologica

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In this study, we evaluate the effect of bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy on albino rabbit choroidal blood flow (CBF) in changes of perfusion pressure (PP). Twenty albino rabbits of either sex weighing between 2.0 and 3.0 kg were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group (group S) included 10 rabbits (20 eyes) that received bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy one week prior to the study. The other 10 rabbits (20 eyes) served as a control (group N): each received the same procedure as group S except that the superior cervical ganglion was preserved. By means of a laser Doppler flowmeter (Perimed PF4001), blood cell flux (PF), velocity (V), and concentration of moving blood cells (CMBC) were recorded simultaneously while intraocular pressure was increased linearly by a syringe pump. Blood pressure and intraocular pressure were continuously monitored. The laser beam focused on the posterior pole away from major retinal vessels. When PP decreased from 75 to 0 mm Hg, in group N, PF, V and CMBC decreased from 100% to 6.94 ± 0.91%, 8.41 ± 0.87%, and 19.38 ± 1.11%; in group S, it was 17.75 ± 2.58%, 16.78 ± 1.48%, and 34.58 ± 4.42%, respectively. Group S poses higher PF, V, and CMBC than group N while PP decreased gradually. These results indicate that the superior cervical ganglion plays a role in CBF regulation. Bilateral sympathectomy led to a higher PF in the group S rabbits, indicating increased CBF. PF, V, and CMBC remained constant until PP <55 mm Hg demonstrated the existence of CBF autoregulation within a limited perfusion range in both groups. This autoregulation did not change after sympathectomy.

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“…In both birds and mammals, the sympathetic innervation of the choroid is derived from NPY+ fibers that arise from noradrenergic postganglionic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion (82, 139, 188, 211, 306, 364). In a variety of mammals, including primates, unilateral sympathetic nerve stimulation causes a substantial reduction in choroidal blood flow (Fig.…”

Section: Autonomic Control Of Ocular Blood Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Control of the Eye

McDougal

Gamlin

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

348

369

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The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, and by way of sympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion neurons project to the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to control ocular accommodation and pupil constriction, respectively. Superior cervical ganglion neurons project to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris to control pupil dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as via indirect influences on retinal blood flow. In mammals, this vasculature is innervated by vasodilatory fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and by vasoconstrictive fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Intraocular pressure is regulated primarily through the balance of aqueous humor formation and outflow. Autonomic regulation of ciliary body blood vessels and the ciliary epithelium is an important determinant of aqueous humor formation; autonomic regulation of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral blood vessels is an important determinant of aqueous humor outflow. These tissues are all innervated by fibers from the pterygopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. In addition to these classical autonomic pathways, trigeminal sensory fibers exert local, intrinsic influences on many of these regions of the eye, as well as on some neurons within the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia.

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Sympathetic Innervation of the Rat Choroid: An Autoradiographic Tracing and Immunohistochemical Study

Cited by 19 publications

References 16 publications

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye receive sympathetic input: anatomical evidence for adrenergic modulation of nitrergic functions in the choroid

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye receive sympathetic input: anatomical evidence for adrenergic modulation of nitrergic functions in the choroid

Bilateral Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy Increases Choroidal Blood Flow in the Rabbit

Autonomic Control of the Eye

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