Sympathetic Neural Activity to the Cardiovascular System: Integrator of Systemic Physiology and Interindividual Characteristics

Charkoudian, Nisha; Wallin, B. Gunnar

doi:10.1002/cphy.c130038

Cited by 84 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 270 publications

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“…Blood pressure is conceptualised as the amount of cardiac force exerted on blood vessels in the body when blood is being pumped around the body (Charkoudian & Wallin 2014, Patel et al 2013). Blood pressure is expressed as two types: systolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure in arteries when the heart contracts; and diastolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure in arteries between heart beats (Charkoudian & Wallin 2014, Patel et al 2013.…”

Section: Blood Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blood pressure is expressed as two types: systolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure in arteries when the heart contracts; and diastolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure in arteries between heart beats (Charkoudian & Wallin 2014, Patel et al 2013. Although the investigation of the impact of music on blood pressure has received considerably less interest than the impact of music on heart rate, there is evidence suggesting that systolic and diastolic blood pressures are sensitive to alterations in musical parameters.…”

Section: Blood Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Respiration, like heart rate and blood pressure, is a product of neural interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (Charkoudian & Wallin 2014, Patel et al 2013. As a result of these interactions, respiration has a dynamic and intimate relationship with heart rate and blood pressure and hence needs to be monitored when investigating cardiovascular responses to external stimuli (Charkoudian & Wallin 2014, Patel et al 2013.…”

Section: Respirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, research investigating the impact of music on cardiovascular functioning is beginning to show that music has a profound impact on autonomic control of the heart. The autonomic nervous system is a complex physiological system that controls the functioning of internal organs, including the human heart (Charkoudian & Wallin 2014, Porges 2011. The autonomic nervous system is composed of two sub-systems: the sympathetic nervous system which mobilizes energy resources to prepare individuals for action; and the parasympathetic nervous system which conserves energy resources to maintain homeostasis (Porges 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activity within the two subsystems has been found to be influenced by musical parameters, including tempo (Bernardi, Porta & Sleight 2006, van der Zwaag, Westerink & van den Broek 2011, rubato (Mikutta et al 2013) and dynamics (Bernardi et al 2009). Fluctuations in activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems can be quantified by capturing heart rate, blood pressure and respiration rate, and by deriving heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity (Charkoudian & Wallin 2014, Patel et al 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tempo and Autonomic Control of the Heart

Bretherton

Windsor

2015

Electronic Workshops in Computing

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Music is a powerful stimulus and has been found to influence cardiovascular activity, including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and heart rate variability. Previous research has used complex pieces of music which render it difficult to determine whether changes in a particular musical parameter are associated with the observed variations in cardiovascular activity. This study uses simple musical stimuli to overcome this issue, with the aim to investigate the effect of sudden changes in tempo on autonomic control of the heart. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity are measured in four experimental conditions. The musical background and health status of all participants are ascertained to explore individual differences in cardiovascular responses. Preliminary findings demonstrate that heart rate during the four conditions is mediated by prior exposure, gender and age at which an individual starts formal music training. Relationship between music and physiology is complex. This study concludes that more controlled and simple musical stimuli can be used to examine the impact of music on autonomic control of the heart. Heart rate. Blood pressure. Respiration. Heart rate Variability. Music. Beat. Tempo.

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Section: Blood Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blood Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Respirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tempo and Autonomic Control of the Heart

Bretherton

Windsor

2015

Electronic Workshops in Computing

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Cerebral Vascular Control and Metabolism in Heat Stress

Bain

Nybo

Ainslie

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

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This review provides an in-depth update on the impact of heat stress on cerebrovascular functioning. The regulation of cerebral temperature, blood flow, and metabolism are discussed. We further provide an overview of vascular permeability, the neurocognitive changes, and the key clinical implications and pathologies known to confound cerebral functioning during hyperthermia. A reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF), derived primarily from a respiratory-induced alkalosis, underscores the cerebrovascular changes to hyperthermia. Arterial pressures may also become compromised because of reduced peripheral resistance secondary to skin vasodilatation. Therefore, when hyperthermia is combined with conditions that increase cardiovascular strain, for example, orthostasis or dehydration, the inability to preserve cerebral perfusion pressure further reduces CBF. A reduced cerebral perfusion pressure is in turn the primary mechanism for impaired tolerance to orthostatic challenges. Any reduction in CBF attenuates the brain's convective heat loss, while the hyperthermic-induced increase in metabolic rate increases the cerebral heat gain. This paradoxical uncoupling of CBF to metabolism increases brain temperature, and potentiates a condition whereby cerebral oxygenation may be compromised. With levels of experimentally viable passive hyperthermia (up to 39.5-40.0 °C core temperature), the associated reduction in CBF (∼ 30%) and increase in cerebral metabolic demand (∼ 10%) is likely compensated by increases in cerebral oxygen extraction. However, severe increases in whole-body and brain temperature may increase blood-brain barrier permeability, potentially leading to cerebral vasogenic edema. The cerebrovascular challenges associated with hyperthermia are of paramount importance for populations with compromised thermoregulatory control--for example, spinal cord injury, elderly, and those with preexisting cardiovascular diseases.

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Neural Control of Vascular Function in Skeletal Muscle

Shoemaker

Badrov

Al‐Khazraji

et al. 2015

Comprehensive Physiology

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The sympathetic nervous system represents a fundamental homeostatic system that exerts considerable control over blood pressure and the distribution of blood flow. This process has been referred to as neurovascular control. Overall, the concept of neurovascular control includes the following elements: efferent postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity, neurotransmitter release, and the end organ response. Each of these elements reflects multiple levels of control that, in turn, affect complex patterns of change in vascular contractile state. Primarily, this review discusses several of these control layers that combine to produce the integrative physiology of reflex vascular control observed in skeletal muscle. Beginning with three reflexes that provide somewhat dissimilar vascular patterns of response despite similar changes in efferent sympathetic nerve activity, namely, the baroreflex, chemoreflex, and muscle metaboreflex, the article discusses the anatomical and physiological bases of postganglionic sympathetic discharge patterns and recruitment, neurotransmitter release and management, and details of regional variations of receptor density and responses within the microvascular bed. Challenges are addressed regarding the fundamentals of measurement and how conclusions from one response or vascular segment should not be used as an indication of neurovascular control as a generalized physiological dogma. Whereas the bulk of the article focuses on the vasoconstrictor function of sympathetic neurovascular integration, attention is also given to the issues of sympathetic vasodilation as well as the impact of chronic changes in sympathetic activation and innervation on vascular health. © 2016 American Physiological Society.

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Sympathetic Neural Activity to the Cardiovascular System: Integrator of Systemic Physiology and Interindividual Characteristics

Cited by 84 publications

References 270 publications

Tempo and Autonomic Control of the Heart

Tempo and Autonomic Control of the Heart

Cerebral Vascular Control and Metabolism in Heat Stress

Neural Control of Vascular Function in Skeletal Muscle

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