Sympatric association influences within-species dominance relations among juvenile Atlantic salmon and brown trout

Harwood, Andrew; Armstrong, J. D.; Griffiths, Siân Wyn; Metcalfe, Neil B.

doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.3039

Cited by 45 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Commonly, this involves sneaking inconspicuously up to the resource and taking it while better competitors are otherwise engaged. For example, when juvenile Atlantic salmon coexist with brown trout (Salmo trutta), the salmon, which are smaller, tend to be subordinate, but are able to gain food by sneaking (Harwood et al 2002). During the breeding seasons it is not uncommon to find small male Atlantic salmon with fully functional gonads (mature parr) hiding near large adult females that are ready to spawn.…”

Section: Individual Variation In Aggressivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fighting and Aggression

Damsgård¹,

Huntingford²

2012

Aquaculture and Behavior

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Aggression (behaviour that actually or potentially causes harm to another animal) is widespread among fishes, often taking the form of territoriality or dominance. The mechanisms that control aggression in fish are described, including the effects of stimuli from opponents, the importance of the context in which an aggressive encounter occurs and the effects of nutritional condition, endocrine status and brain biochemistry. The way aggression changes during development is then considered, evidence given for inherited differences in aggressiveness and an account presented of the environmental factors that influence the way aggression develops. The benefits that fish gain from winning fights, the costs that they incur from fighting and how they balance costs against benefits to promote their individual fitness are described. Data are then given on the incidence of aggression among cultured fish, on some resulting problems for production, welfare and environmental protection and on the effects of domestication and captive rearing of aggressiveness. Possible solutions to such problems are discussed, based on selecting appropriate fish for culture and the design of husbandry systems that minimise aggression. Finally, some systems for mitigating the effects of domestication and captive rearing on the aggressive behaviour of cultured fish are described.

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Section: Individual Variation In Aggressivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fighting and Aggression

Damsgård¹,

Huntingford²

2012

Aquaculture and Behavior

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“…Such a lacking correlation between dominance index and growth rate was previously reported by Cutts et al (2001) in groups of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. The costs of high ranking fish to establish dominance with energy expenditure during attacking and chasing (Cutts et al, 2001) as well as reduced time available for feeding (Harwood et al, 2002) may be similar to the costs of escapes and multiple defeats in subordinate fish. Especially in captive fish with simplified environments, the advantage of dominance is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dominance and growth of Diplodus sargus (Pisces: Sparidae) in small captive groups

Gonçalves

Sousa

Almada

2012

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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a b s t r a c tThe dominance hierarchies and the growth rate of the commercially important fish Diplodus sargus were assessed in this study. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that, if stable dominance orders were established, dominant fish would grow faster and show better condition factors than losers at the end of the experiment. Eight groups of six individuals were followed for 6 weeks and, for each group, we measured the linearity of the hierarchies on a weekly basis, and the week to week stability of the hierarchical structures. These dominance structures were linear and stable from week to week. We found no significant correlation between the dominance index with either growth rate or final condition factor. Thus, in short time windows over few weeks, aggressive competition seems not to cause differences in growth, although effects at a longer term like those induced by stress cannot be ruled out.

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“…Competition between species can also facilitate the use of preferred habitat by the subordinate species by reducing their within-species competition. Presence of trout can reduce effects of dominant salmon, enabling subordinate fish to feed at preferred times (Harwood et al 2002a) and locations (Höjesjö et al, this volume). Genetic relatedness of competing fish in an area can also influence patch quality, since dominant salmon may allow their subordinate kin to use high quality space from which they exclude other fish (Griffiths & Armstrong 2002).…”

Section: Competitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect of food availability on velocity niche width was more pronounced in trout than salmon. Therefore, although trout may dominate in direct competitive interactions (Kalleberg 1958, Harwood et al 2002a, they may be more vulnerable than salmon to indirect filtering competition. The predicted shift by fish exhibiting trout-type mid-water swimming to maintain station mirrors results of experimental work on juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, which used higher velocities at higher rates of food input (Rosenfeld et al 2005).…”

Section: Population Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Habitat Quality for Drift‐Feeding Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout in Relation to Local Water Velocity and River Discharge

Armstrong

2010

Salmonid Fisheries

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There is a requirement to determine the effect of water discharge on the qualities of rivers and streams for resident drift-feeding salmon and trout. Two main categories of predictive biological model have been widely considered to address this issue, both of which link to an underlying template of variation in structure of hydrology and physical topology across flows. The first approach, typified by physical habitat simulation modelling (PHabSim), ascribes values to each of the local habitat types as functions of the densities and frequency of occurrence of animals that occupy them. This approach has the advantage of being relatively easily applied but has been criticised on the basis that local fish density can be a poor indicator of patch quality and does not easily relate overall habitat quality to meaningful population parameters. The second approach ascribes values to the local habitat types in terms of the food intakes, net energy gains or fitness of animals that occupy them. This concept has found favour in being potentially more robust in structure than the PHabSim approach, but parameterisation of the models cannot be achieved by simple field observations. Here, the application of energy and fitness value models to salmon and trout is explored. Morphological differences between salmon and trout are related to patch quality in terms of energetics through linking optimal food intake models to energy budgets. Using these models, relationships are established between velocity niche width and population density and nutrient status of the stream. The trout velocity niche is narrower than that of salmon and skewed to lower velocities, particularly at low food availability. The importance of understanding community dynamics in predicting responses of fish to variations in discharge is demonstrated. Consideration is given to factors that further affect the values of patches and their availability to salmon and trout. These 1 Salmonid Fisheries: Freshwater Habitat Management Paul Kemp

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Sympatric association influences within-species dominance relations among juvenile Atlantic salmon and brown trout

Cited by 45 publications

References 53 publications

Fighting and Aggression

Fighting and Aggression

Dominance and growth of Diplodus sargus (Pisces: Sparidae) in small captive groups

Variation in Habitat Quality for Drift‐Feeding Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout in Relation to Local Water Velocity and River Discharge

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