Sympatric Diversification in the Upper Amazon: A Revision of the Eumaeine Genus Paraspiculatus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Abstract

Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y • n u m b e r 6 4 9Sympatric Diversification in the Upper Amazon A Revision of the Eumaeine Genus Paraspiculatus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Robert C. Busby, Christophe Faynel, Alfred Moser, and Robert K. Robbins SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONEmphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y • n u m b e r 6 4 9Sympatric Diversification in the Upper Amazon A revision of Paraspiculatus was feasible because we increased the number of study specimens more than fivefold (by the extensive use of rotting fish as a bait for males) and sequenced the "barcode" part of the mitochondrial gene CO1 for almost all species. We recognize 19 Paraspiculatus species based on male wing patterns. We partition the 19 species into ten species complexes, which are monophyletic in all analyses of morphological characters, CO1 sequences, and a combined data set.

Congruence between morphology-based species and Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) in Neotropical Eumaeini (Lycaenidae)

“…The checklist was updated using subsequent publications ( e.g . Balint & Faynel, 2008 ; Prieto et al, 2008 ; Duarte & Robbins, 2010 ; Faynel et al, 2011 ; Prieto, 2011 ; Faynel, Busby & Robbins, 2012 ; Robbins, Heredia & Busby, 2015 ; Prieto et al, 2016 ; Prieto & Vargas, 2016 ; Busby et al, 2017 ). When necessary, identifications were verified through genitalic examination.…”

“…In contrast with other, better known families, lycaenids lack sufficiently illustrated identification keys, monographs, field guides, or checklists covering regions or countries in a comprehensive and updated manner. The use of DNA barcode sequences and BINs in this group has been limited, but congruence between morphology and barcode sequences is variable ( Prieto, Micó & Galante, 2011 ; Faynel et al, 2011 ; Faynel, Busby & Robbins, 2012 ; Prieto et al, 2016 ; Cong et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Prieto & Lorenc-Brudecka, 2017 ; Busby et al, 2017 ; Prieto, Nuñez & Hausmann, 2018 ; Faynel, 2019 ). In particular, in previous studies it appeared that strictly high Andean genera were more likely, on average, to show incongruence.…”

Lepidoptera from the Pantepui. Part V. New Lycaenidae (Theclinae: Eumaeini)

“…Many hairstreak lycaenid genera have uniform genitalia showing no qualitative characters helpful for interspecific discrimination, but wing coloration, wing pattern, and wing shape, as well as spatial and temporal distribution, all offer more reliable traits for taxonomic identification (cf. Nicolay & Robbins 2005, Busby et al 2017. Therefore the genitalia of the new species are basically figured with the aim of documentation, and as a basis for an extensive future systematic revision of the genera involved…”

Genomics‐based higher classification of the species‐rich hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini)

“…Unique organs occur on the wings of Lathecla and Johnsonita (Bálint et al, 2021; Robbins & Busby, 2015). Podanotum lacks male secondary sexual organs (Busby, Faynel, Moser, & Robbins, 2017). Scent pads are universal in Rhamma , the most species‐rich genus, except for species such as R. anosma (Draudt).…”