Symptom Validity Test Performance and Consistency of Self-Reported Memory Functioning of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans with Positive Veteran Health Administration Comprehensive Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluations

Russo, Arthur C.

doi:10.1093/arclin/acs090

Cited by 28 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Had these patients been included in the mTBI patient group, group-level differences with control populations would have been substantially enlarged. This highlights the importance of incorporating performance-validity metrics in studies of TBI patient populations ( Russo, 2012 ), even when patients are volunteers who are informed in advance that their results will not influence clinical diagnoses or existing pension claims.…”

Section: Experiments 3 the Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Repeated Testing, Simulated Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury on Visual Choice Reaction Time

Woods

Wyma

Yund

et al. 2015

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Choice reaction time (CRT), the time required to discriminate and respond appropriately to different stimuli, is a basic measure of attention and processing speed. Here, we describe the reliability and clinical sensitivity of a new CRT test that presents lateralized visual stimuli and adaptively adjusts stimulus onset asynchronies using a staircase procedure. Experiment 1 investigated the test–retest reliability in three test sessions performed at weekly intervals. Performance in the first test session was accurately predicted from age and computer-use regression functions obtained in a previously studied normative cohort. Central processing time (CentPT), the difference between the CRTs and simple reaction time latencies measured in a separate experiment, accounted for 55% of CRT latency and more than 85% of CRT latency variance. Performance improved significantly across the three test sessions. High intraclass correlation coefficients were seen for CRTs (0.90), CentPTs (0.87), and an omnibus performance measure (0.81) that combined CRT and minimal SOA z-scores. Experiment 2 investigated performance in the same participants when instructed to feign symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI): 87% produced abnormal omnibus z-scores. Simulated malingerers showed greater elevations in simple reaction times than CRTs, and hence reduced CentPTs. Latency-consistency z-scores, based on the difference between the CRTs obtained and those predicted based on CentPT latencies, discriminated malingering participants from controls with high sensitivity and specificity. Experiment 3 investigated CRT test performance in military veterans who had suffered combat-related TBI and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and revealed small but significant deficits in performance in the TBI population. The results indicate that the new CRT test shows high test–retest reliability, can assist in detecting participants performing with suboptimal effort, and is sensitive to the effects of TBI on the speed and accuracy of visual processing.

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Section: Experiments 3 the Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Repeated Testing, Simulated Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury on Visual Choice Reaction Time

Woods

Wyma

Yund

et al. 2015

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…Metacognition, or self-perceived cognitive functioning, has been studied in a variety of populations including aging (Jorm, Christensen, Korten, Jacomb, & Henderson, 2001; Slavin et al, 2010; R. Stewart, 2012), cancer (Hutchinson, Hosking, Kichenadasse, Mattiske, & Wilson, 2012; Poppelreuter et al, 2004; Pullens, De Vries, & Roukema, 2010), traumatic brain injury (Belanger, Kretzmer, Vanderploeg, & French, 2010; Gass & Apple, 1997; Russo, 2012; Spencer, Drag, Walker, & Bieliauskas, 2010), fibromyalgia (Suhr, 2003), chronic fatigue syndrome (Knoop, Prins, Stulemeijer, van der Meer, & Bleijenberg, 2007; Metzger & Denney, 2002), multiple sclerosis (Benedict et al, 2008, 2003; Bruce, Bruce, Hancock, & Lynch, 2010; Carone, Benedict, Munschauer, Fishman, & Weinstock-Guttman, 2005; Julian, Merluzzi, & Mohr, 2007; Kinsinger, Lattie, & Mohr, 2010; O’Brien et al, 2007), and others (Bosma & Kessels, 2002; Hinkin et al, 1996; Shin, Katz, & Julian, 2013). When self-reported difficulties are compared to objective neuropsychological data, the findings are mixed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond depression: Predictors of self-reported cognitive function in adults living with MS.

Beier¹,

Amtmann²,

Ehde³

2015

Rehabilitation Psychology

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Objective To investigate the association between self-reported cognition and demographic/psychosocial variables in individuals with a self-reported diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Secondary longitudinal analysis of mailed self-report surveys over a period of 2 years. Setting Community. Participants 407 community-dwelling individuals from the Pacific Northwest with a self-reported diagnosis of MS. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Subjective general cognitive concerns and subjective executive difficulties as measured by the Neuro-QOL Applied Cognition–Executive Function–Short Form (SF) and the Applied Cognition–General Concerns–SF. Results Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify statistically significant longitudinal predictors of perceived cognitive difficulties 2 years later. Fatigue and anxiety were statistically significant predictors of general cognitive concerns. Fatigue and perceived stress were statistically significant predictors of perceived executive difficulties. Fatigue was the strongest predictor in both models. Conclusions In MS, perceived cognitive impairment is frequently linked to depression without consideration of other possible contributors. This study suggests that in people with MS, fatigue is a stronger predictor of self-reported cognitive function two years later than depression

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“…Neuropsychological evaluation is often recommended to patients with persistent PCS to aid in diagnostic clarification and provide treatment recommendations. However, failure to adequately engage in testing, as measured by performance validity tests (PVTs) occurs in 17-68% of clinical evaluations of Veterans (Armistead-Jehle, 2010;Jak et al, 2015;Lippa et al, 2014;Russo, 2012;Whitney, Shepard, Williams, Davis, & Adams, 2009), with the highest PVT failure rates among mTBI and PTSD referrals (Young, Roper, & Arentsen, 2016). PVT failure is associated with poor outcomes such as lower community reintegration (Lippa et al, 2014), increased healthcare utilization (Horner, VanKirk, Dismuke, Turner, & Muzzy, 2014), and higher financial burden on the healthcare system (Denning & Shura, 2019), as well as artificially reduced cognitive test scores (Grills & Armistead-Jehle, 2016) and elevated reporting of psychiatric symptoms (Jurick et al, 2016;Larrabee, 2003;Suchy, Chelune, Franchow, & Thorgusen, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Symptoms and Rates of Performance Validity Improve Following Trauma-Focused Treatment in Veterans with PTSD and History of Mild-to-Moderate TBI

Jurick

Crocker

Merritt

et al. 2019

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Objective:Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) history have high rates of performance validity test (PVT) failure. The study aimed to determine whether those with scores in the invalid versus valid range on PVTs show similar benefit from psychotherapy and if psychotherapy improves PVT performance.Method:Veterans (N = 100) with PTSD, mild-to-moderate TBI history, and cognitive complaints underwent neuropsychological testing at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month post-treatment. Veterans were randomly assigned to cognitive processing therapy (CPT) or a novel hybrid intervention integrating CPT with TBI psychoeducation and cognitive rehabilitation strategies from Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART). Performance below standard cutoffs on any PVT trial across three different PVT measures was considered invalid (PVT-Fail), whereas performance above cutoffs on all measures was considered valid (PVT-Pass).Results:Although both PVT groups exhibited clinically significant improvement in PTSD symptoms, the PVT-Pass group demonstrated greater symptom reduction than the PVT-Fail group. Measures of post-concussive and depressive symptoms improved to a similar degree across groups. Treatment condition did not moderate these results. Rate of valid test performance increased from baseline to follow-up across conditions, with a stronger effect in the SMART-CPT compared to CPT condition.Conclusion:Both PVT groups experienced improved psychological symptoms following treatment. Veterans who failed PVTs at baseline demonstrated better test engagement following treatment, resulting in higher rates of valid PVTs at follow-up. Veterans with invalid PVTs should be enrolled in trauma-focused treatment and may benefit from neuropsychological assessment after, rather than before, treatment.

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Symptom Validity Test Performance and Consistency of Self-Reported Memory Functioning of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans with Positive Veteran Health Administration Comprehensive Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluations

Cited by 28 publications

References 39 publications

The Effects of Repeated Testing, Simulated Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury on Visual Choice Reaction Time

The Effects of Repeated Testing, Simulated Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury on Visual Choice Reaction Time

Beyond depression: Predictors of self-reported cognitive function in adults living with MS.

Psychological Symptoms and Rates of Performance Validity Improve Following Trauma-Focused Treatment in Veterans with PTSD and History of Mild-to-Moderate TBI

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