Syn-tectonic sedimentation associated with three-dimensional fault-bend fold structures: a numerical approach

Bernal, Asdrúbal; Hardy, Stuart

doi:10.1016/s0191-8141(01)00112-2

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…(d) Geological section across the growth strata located in the southern limb of the Aguero growth fold (Southern Pyrenees, Spain) (slightly modified from Nichols, 1987;Mill an et al, 1994), and (e) a photograph of the northernmost portion of the cross section, showing fanning of growth beds from overturned to gently south dipping, and an offlap within the growth sequence subsequently followed by an onlap similar to the forward model depicted in Figure 27.10b. Den-Bezemer et al, 1998;Bernal and Hardy, 2002) (Fig. 27.12).…”

Section: Erosion and Inclined Primary Dips Of The Growth Stratamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The youngest growth beds exhibit fanning from gently dipping to flat-lying beds and subtle thickness variations above the fold crest. Medwedeff, 1992;Poblet et al, 1998;Bernal and Hardy, 2002;Salvini and Storti, 2002;Fern andez et al, 2004). Nevertheless, this chapter will focus basically on the patterns observed in sections, parallel to the tectonic transport direction, across models, and natural examples of growth thrustrelated folds.…”

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confidence: 99%

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2D Kinematic Models of Growth Fault‐Related Folds in Contractional Settings

Poblet

2011

Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins

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This chapter attempts to synthesize current understanding of various aspects of sedimentation and tectonics at the scale of fault-related folds with associated growth strata developed in contractional settings by using 2D kinematic models. The principal points are to examine the influence of various parameters in the growth stratal architecture in order to help choose the correct model for each circumstance within the wide range of possibilities, and to show what type of data may be obtained from the analysis of growth strata. The knowledge of growth stratal features should facilitate a better understanding of the geometry and evolution of structures, and can therefore benefit society from the perspective of helping hydrocarbon, mining, and groundwater subsurface exploration, and assessing earthquake hazards and underground storage.

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Section: Erosion and Inclined Primary Dips Of The Growth Stratamentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

2D Kinematic Models of Growth Fault‐Related Folds in Contractional Settings

Poblet

2011

Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins

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“…1) (e.g. Bernal and Hardy, 2002;Cristallini and Allmendinger, 2001;Epard and Groshong, 1995;Fischer and Wilkerson, 2000;Griffiths et al, 2002;Salvini and Storti, 2002). Pseudo threedimensional models are invaluable for reconstruction of three-dimensional surfaces, but are still bound by the constraint of plane strain and therefore may neglect some inherently three-dimensional aspects of doubly plunging folds (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is plane strain a valid assumption in non-cylindrical fault-cored folds?

Shackleton

Cooke

2007

Journal of Structural Geology

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Many algorithms assume plane strain to construct, model and restore fault-cored folds. Using mechanical models that allow heterogeneous transport in three dimensions, we explore the distribution and magnitude of out-of-plane transport in plunging fault-cored anticlines and provide guidelines of where plane strain should and should not be applied. We developed a new technique of incrementing infinitesimal elastic strains to produce folds with aspect ratios similar to natural folds. Map views of displacement vectors show that in general, out-of-plane displacement is localized near the lateral fold tips. Cross-sections show that out-of-plane transport is depth dependent with out-of-plane displacement increasing toward the surface. Flexural slip surfaces compartmentalize out-of-plane transport within distinct mechanical units, with the maximum outof-plane displacement near the tops of mechanical units. Two-dimensional models with additional frictionally slipping bed contacts suggest that freely slipping contacts can approximate the deformation of many frictionally slipping contacts. We show that out-of-plane transport is significant in the simplest non-cylindrical folds, and suggest that complex non-cylindrical structures should not be modeled using plane strain exclusively. We also show that flexural slip surfaces exert a significant control on the magnitude and structural position of out-of-plane transport in our models.

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“…This approach has previously been applied in two [86] and three-dimensions [90], to model the effects of erosion, transport and deposition associated with faultrelated folds. Published estimates of the diffusion coefficient vary enormously, from 9 × 10 −4 m 2 a −1 for arid fault scarps [105] to 5.6 × 10 5 m 2 a −1 for a prograding delta [101].…”

Section: Surface Process Modelling and Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As discussed above, we have chosen simple flexural-slip/kink-band kinematics as the tectonic forcing responsible for uplift, and implemented it in three dimensions (see Bernal and Hardy [90]), tectonic transport being parallel to the x direction. The velocity description of deformation (derived from the original geometric models) of both the fault-bend and fault-propagation fold models used here is given in detail in Hardy and Poblet [86].…”

Section: Structural Modelling and Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Growth of Flexural Slip Fault-Bend and Fault-Propagation Folds and Their Geomorphic Expression

Bernal¹,

Hardy

Gawthorpe³

2018

Geosciences

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Abstract:The three-dimensional growth of fault-related folds is known to be an important process during the development of compressive mountain belts. However, comparatively little is known concerning the manner in which fold growth is expressed in topographic relief and local drainage networks. Here we report results from a coupled kinematic and surface process model of fault-related folding. We consider flexural slip fault-bend and fault-propagation folds that grow in both the transport and strike directions, linked to a surface process model that includes bedrock channel development and hillslope diffusion. We investigate various modes of fold growth under identical surface process conditions and critically analyse their geomorphic expression. Fold growth results in the development of steep forelimbs and gentler, wider backlimbs resulting in asymmetric drainage basin development (smaller basins on forelimbs, larger basins on backlimbs). However, topographies developed above fault-propagation folds are more symmetric than those developed above fault-bend folds as a result of their different forelimb kinematics. In addition, the surface expression of fault-bend and fault-propagation folds depends both on the slip distribution along the fault and on the style of fold growth. When along-strike plunge is a result of slip events with gently decreasing slip towards the fault tips (with or without lateral propagation), large plunge-panel drainage networks are developed at the expense of backpanel (transport-opposing) and forepanel (transport-facing) drainage basins. In contrast, if the fold grows as a result of slip events with similar displacements along strike, plunge-panel drainage networks are poorly developed (or are transient features of early fold growth) and restricted to lateral fold terminations, particularly when the number of propagation events is small. The absence of large-scale plunge-panel drainage networks in natural examples suggests that the latter mode of fold growth may be more common. The advective component of deformation (implicit in kink-band migration models of fault-bend and fault-propagation folding) exerts a strong control on drainage basin development. In particular, as drainage lengthens with fold growth, more linear, parallel drainage networks are developed as compared to the dendritic patterns developed above simple uplifting structures. Over the 1 Ma of their development the folds modelled here only attain partial topographic equilibrium, as new material is continually being advected through active axial surfaces on both fold limbs and faults are propagating in both the transport and strike directions. We also find that the position of drainage divides at the Earth's surface has a complex relationship to the underlying fold axial surface locations.

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Syn-tectonic sedimentation associated with three-dimensional fault-bend fold structures: a numerical approach

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

2D Kinematic Models of Growth Fault‐Related Folds in Contractional Settings

2D Kinematic Models of Growth Fault‐Related Folds in Contractional Settings

Is plane strain a valid assumption in non-cylindrical fault-cored folds?

Three-Dimensional Growth of Flexural Slip Fault-Bend and Fault-Propagation Folds and Their Geomorphic Expression

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