Synapses, spines, zinc and pathology of Alzheimer's disease.

Familtsev, Dmitry

doi:10.18297/etd/420

Cited by 1 publication

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References 219 publications

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“…In the prefrontal cortex of the primate, Macaca mulatta , short invaginating projections called spinules by the authors and corresponding double-walled vesicles are found in dendrites and originate from other dendrites or from axons; some of these are labeled with immunogold for D2 dopamine receptors (Paspalas et al 2006). Familtsev (2013) used a combination of tracer injections and immunohistochemistry to identify geniculocortical terminals in the striate (primary visual) cortex of the tree shrew, Tupaia belangeri (tree shrews could represent an ancestral group to the prosimian primates), and compared these to pulvinocortical terminals in the temporal cortex. Fifty-eight percent of geniculocortical terminals have spinules, whereas the pulvinocortical ones have none; based on what is known about spinules as discussed in this review, the author suggested that the presence of spinules reflects the higher level of activity of the geniculocortical terminals.…”

Section: Synaptic/neuronal Invaginating Projections In More Complex Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure, Distribution, and Function of Neuronal/Synaptic Spinules and Related Invaginating Projections

et al. 2015

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Neurons and especially their synapses often project long thin processes that can invaginate neighboring neuronal or glial cells. These “invaginating projections” can occur in almost any combination of postsynaptic, presynaptic, and glial processes. Invaginating projections provide a precise mechanism for one neuron to communicate or exchange material exclusively at a highly localized site on another neuron, e.g., to regulate synaptic plasticity. The best-known types are postsynaptic projections called “spinules” that invaginate into presynaptic terminals. Spinules seem to be most prevalent at large very active synapses. Here, we present a comprehensive review of all kinds of invaginating projections associated with both neurons in general and more specifically with synapses; we describe them in all animals including simple, basal metazoans. These structures may have evolved into more elaborate structures in some higher animal groups exhibiting greater synaptic plasticity. In addition to classic spinules and filopodial invaginations, we describe a variety of lesser-known structures such as amphid microvilli, spinules in giant mossy terminals and en marron/brush synapses, the highly specialized fish retinal spinules, the trophospongium, capitate projections, and fly gnarls, as well as examples in which the entire presynaptic or postsynaptic process is invaginated. These various invaginating projections have evolved to modify the function of a particular synapse, or to channel an effect to one specific synapse or neuron, without affecting those nearby. We discuss how they function in membrane recycling, nourishment, and cell signaling and explore how they might change in aging and disease.

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Section: Synaptic/neuronal Invaginating Projections In More Complex Amentioning

confidence: 99%