Synaptic plasticity of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive terminals in the phrenic nucleus following spinal cord injury: A quantitative electron microscopic analysis

Tai, Qing; Palazzolo, Katherine L.; Goshgarian, Harry G.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971006)386:4<613::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-5

Cited by 43 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Examination of serotonin-labeled terminals using electron microscopy, before and after C2 hemisection (30 days), revealed that the number of serotonin immunoreactive terminals contacting phrenic motor neurons was significantly elevated in hemisected rats (77). Moreover, depletion of serotonin significantly attenuated the morphologic changes induced by C2 spinal hemisection (78).…”

Section: Synaptic Strengthening Onto Phrenic Motoneuronsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Spinal Cord Injury on the Respiratory System: Basic Research and Current Clinical Treatment Options

Zimmer

Nantwi

Goshgarian

2007

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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154

126

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Summary: Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to an impairment of the respiratory system. The more rostral the level of injury, the more likely the injury will affect ventilation. In fact, respiratory insufficiency is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity after SCI. This review highlights the progress that has been made in basic and clinical research, while noting the gaps in our knowledge. Basic research has focused on a hemisection injury model to examine methods aimed at improving respiratory function after SCI, but contusion injury models have also been used. Increasing synaptic plasticity, strengthening spared axonal pathways, and the disinhibition of phrenic motor neurons all result in the activation of a latent respiratory motor pathway that restores function to a previously paralyzed hemidiaphragm in animal models. Human clinical studies have revealed that respiratory function is negatively impacted by SCI. Respiratory muscle training regimens may improve inspiratory function after SCI, but more thorough and carefully designed studies are needed to adequately address this issue. Phrenic nerve and diaphragm pacing are options available to wean patients from standard mechanical ventilation. The techniques aimed at improving respiratory function in humans with SCI have both pros and cons, but having more options available to the clinician allows for more individualized treatment, resulting in better patient care. Despite significant progress in both basic and clinical research, there is still a significant gap in our understanding of the effect of SCI on the respiratory system.

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Section: Synaptic Strengthening Onto Phrenic Motoneuronsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Spinal Cord Injury on the Respiratory System: Basic Research and Current Clinical Treatment Options

Zimmer

Nantwi

Goshgarian

2007

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

Self Cite

154

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This form of time-dependent plasticity following chronic spinal hemisection has been called the "crossed phrenic phenomenon" and is one of the longest known examples of plasticity in respiratory motor control (83,196). Spontaneous enhancement of crossed spinal pathways to phrenic motoneurons is serotonin dependent (85,86,228). Similarly, depression of respiratory motor output in the phrenic nerve contralateral to hemisection requires serotonergic neurons (74).…”

Section: Injury-induced Respiratory Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited Review: Neuroplasticity in respiratory motor control

Mitchell

Johnson

2003

Journal of Applied Physiology

357

313

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Although recent evidence demonstrates considerable neuroplasticity in the respiratory control system, a comprehensive conceptual framework is lacking. Our goals in this review are to define plasticity (and related neural properties) as it pertains to respiratory control and to discuss potential sites, mechanisms, and known categories of respiratory plasticity. Respiratory plasticity is defined as a persistent change in the neural control system based on prior experience. Plasticity may involve structural and/or functional alterations (most commonly both) and can arise from multiple cellular/synaptic mechanisms at different sites in the respiratory control system. Respiratory neuroplasticity is critically dependent on the establishment of necessary preconditions, the stimulus paradigm, the balance between opposing modulatory systems, age, gender, and genetics. Respiratory plasticity can be induced by hypoxia, hypercapnia, exercise, injury, stress, and pharmacological interventions or conditioning and occurs during development as well as in adults. Developmental plasticity is induced by experiences (e.g., altered respiratory gases) during sensitive developmental periods, thereby altering mature respiratory control. The same experience later in life has little or no effect. In adults, neuromodulation plays a prominent role in several forms of respiratory plasticity. For example, serotonergic modulation is thought to initiate and/or maintain respiratory plasticity following intermittent hypoxia, repeated hypercapnic exercise, spinal sensory denervation, spinal cord injury, and at least some conditioned reflexes. Considerable work is necessary before we fully appreciate the biological significance of respiratory plasticity, its underlying cellular/molecular and network mechanisms, and the potential to harness respiratory plasticity as a therapeutic tool.

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“…16,17,31,84 Replacement synaptic growth may originate from both spinal interneurons and from primary segmental afferents. 16,17,[85][86][87] A postulated signal for new synaptic growth is the increase in NTs caudal to a SCI.…”

Section: Clinical Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal shock revisited: a four-phase model

et al. 2004

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Spinal shock has been of interest to clinicians for over two centuries. Advances in our understanding of both the neurophysiology of the spinal cord and neuroplasticity following spinal cord injury have provided us with additional insight into the phenomena of spinal shock. In this review, we provide a historical background followed by a description of a novel fourphase model for understanding and describing spinal shock. Clinical implications of the model are discussed as well.

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Synaptic plasticity of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive terminals in the phrenic nucleus following spinal cord injury: A quantitative electron microscopic analysis

Cited by 43 publications

References 64 publications

Effect of Spinal Cord Injury on the Respiratory System: Basic Research and Current Clinical Treatment Options

Effect of Spinal Cord Injury on the Respiratory System: Basic Research and Current Clinical Treatment Options

Invited Review: Neuroplasticity in respiratory motor control

Spinal shock revisited: a four-phase model

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