Synaptic Vesicle Ultrastructural Changes in the Rat Hippocampus Induced by a Combination of α‐Linolenate Deficiency and a Learning Task

Yoshida, Satoshi; Yasuda, Atsushi; Kawazato, H.; Sakai, Kumiko; Shimada, Tatsuya; Takeshita, M; Yuasa, Shigeki; Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki; Watanabe, Soichi; Okuyama, Harumi

doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68031261.x

Cited by 105 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As the PS and DHA contents of the aged control diet group decreased, the authors speculate that nerve activities decreased, as indicated in previous reports 5,26,29,34) . DHA contents decrease in the brain with age.…”

supporting

confidence: 71%

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Administration of DHA-PS to Aged Mice Was Suitable for Increasing Hippocampal PS and DHA Ratio

Ohkubo

Tanaka

2010

J. Oleo Sci.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and phosphatidylserine (PS) are major components of the brain and play important roles functionally and structurally. Aging is associated with impairments in biological functions. According to the results of animal tests it has been shown that the loss in brain PC, PS and DHA due to aging leads to a variety of nervous deficits. In the present study, young mice and aged mice were fed a test or control diet for four weeks, and the authors examined the effects of DHA and/or PS administration (control diet group, Soy-PL diet group, Soy-PS diet group, DHA-PL diet group and DHA-PS diet group). At the end of the feeding period, the final ages were 12 (young mice) and 73 (aged mice) weeks. Hippocampal PS ratios and DHA concentrations in aged control mice were found to be lower than those in young control mice. Hippocampal PS ratios and DHA concentration in aged mice were increased with administration of PS and DHA, respectively. Authors found DHA-PS diet could increase both DHA and PS in hippocampus of aged mice.

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supporting

confidence: 71%

“…In animal studies, the declines in learning ability and memory have been evaluated using an 8-arm radical maze, a T maze and the light/dark discrimination test [34][35][36] . It has been shown that the loss in brain…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Administration of DHA-PS to Aged Mice Was Suitable for Increasing Hippocampal PS and DHA Ratio

Ohkubo

Tanaka

2010

J. Oleo Sci.

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“…In addition, Tanabe et al (67) reported that Fos-positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 increase in DHA-administered rats, and these rats showed improvement of spatial cognition. On the contrary, adult rodents with n-3 PUFA-deficient diet showed not only a decrease in the brain DHA content ranging 50% -80%, but also varieties of impaired responses in behavioral tests such as the brightness discrimination test (68), water maze test (66,69), and shock avoidance test (70). Moreover, the recovery of brain DHA level restored the spatial learning performance (71).…”

Section: Pufa and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective and Ameliorative Actions of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Against Neuronal Diseases: Implication of Fatty Acid–Binding Proteins (FABP) and G Protein–Coupled Receptor 40 (GPR40) in Adult Neurogenesis

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is well-known to occur in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. As the hippocampus is related to learning, memory, and emotions, adult hippocampal neurogenesis possibly contributes to these functions. Adult neurogenesis is modulated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids that are essential for normal brain development, maintenance, and function. They are reported to improve spatial learning and memory in rodents and cognitive functions in humans. However, detailed mechanisms of PUFA effects still remain obscure. PUFA are functionally linked with chaperons called fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP). FABP uptake and transport PUFA to different intracellular organelles. Intriguingly, PUFA were determined as ligands for G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), a cell membrane receptor abundantly expressed in the brain and the pancreas of primates. While the role of GPR40 in pancreatic β-cells is associated with insulin secretion, its role in the brain is not yet clarified presumably because of its absence in the rodent brain. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of PUFA in adult neurogenesis, considering the role of GPR40 and FABP in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Here, the authors would like to introduce a PUFA-GPR40 signaling pathway that is specific for the primate brain.

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“…4,6,[38][39][40] The decrease in brain and retina DHA is accompanied by altered electroretinogram, decreased looking and VEP acuity, and changes in learning behaviors, including performance in maze tasks, habituation, exploratory activity in novel environments, and brightness discrimination and olfactory-based learning tasks. [3][4][5][6][7][8][41][42][43] Polydypsia and increased sterotypic (locomotor) activity have also been reported for monkeys fed diets very low in LNA. 44,45 The ability of developing animals to replace DHA with DPA indicates that the desaturase enzyme activity does not limit fatty acid desaturation and that DPA does not provide a functional substitute for DHA despite its similar carbon chain length.…”

Section: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal biochemistry and physiology of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

Innis

2003

The Journal of Pediatrics

439

287

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are important structural components of the central nervous system. These fatty acids are transferred across the placenta, are present in human milk, and are accumulated in the brain and retina during fetal and infant development. The high concentrations of DHA in the retina and of DHA and ARA in brain gray matter suggests that these fatty acids have important roles in retinal and neural function. Animal studies have shown that depletion of DHA from the retina and brain results in reduced visual function and learning deficits. The latter effects may be explained by changes in the membrane bilayer that alter membrane-associated receptors and signal transduction systems, ion channel activity, or direct effects on gene expression. DHA can be formed in the liver from alpha linolenic acid, but it is unclear if the rate of DHA synthesis in humans is sufficient to support optimal brain and retinal development. Although there is no evidence that the ability to form ARA from linoleic acid is limiting, supplementation with DHA reduces tissue ARA, possibly creating a conditional need for ARA in infants with a dietary intake of DHA. The amount of DHA in human milk varies widely and is positively correlated with visual and language development in breast-fed infants. Advances in understanding essential fatty acid requirements will benefit from intervention studies that use functionally relevant tests to probe the deficiency or adequacy of physiologically important pools of DHA and ARA in developing infants. (J Pediatr 2003;143:S1-S8) D ocosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) are important structural components of the highly specialized membranes lipids of the human central nervous system. 1,2 DHA is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the outer segments of the retina rods and cones, where it can constitute as much as 50% of the fatty acids in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), and as much as 80% of all the polyunsaturated fatty acids.1 These membranes are specialized for the rapid transmission of light and contain 90% to 95% of the lipid as phospholipid. The phospholipids contain unusual PE, PS, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) species in which both acyl groups are DHA. Approximately 10% of the weight of the brain, and 50% of the dry weight, is lipid. About half of this lipid is phospholipid, with approximately 20% cholesterol, 15% to 20% cerebrosides, and smaller amounts of sulphatides and gangliosides.2 The phospholipids of brain gray matter contain high proportions of DHA in PE and PS and high amounts of ARA in phosphatidylinositol (PI). ARA is also present in membrane phospholipids, particularly in PI throughout the body. Unlike other organs, the dietary essential fatty acid linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) usually represents <1% of brain and retina fatty acids, and concentrations of a-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) are even lower. 2These usual characteristics of brain and retina phospholipids suggest that specific mechanisms ...

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Synaptic Vesicle Ultrastructural Changes in the Rat Hippocampus Induced by a Combination of α‐Linolenate Deficiency and a Learning Task

Cited by 105 publications

References 22 publications

Administration of DHA-PS to Aged Mice Was Suitable for Increasing Hippocampal PS and DHA Ratio

Administration of DHA-PS to Aged Mice Was Suitable for Increasing Hippocampal PS and DHA Ratio

Neuroprotective and Ameliorative Actions of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Against Neuronal Diseases: Implication of Fatty Acid–Binding Proteins (FABP) and G Protein–Coupled Receptor 40 (GPR40) in Adult Neurogenesis

Perinatal biochemistry and physiology of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

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