Synchronization of Oscillators

Huntoon, R. D.; Weiss, Alec

doi:10.1109/jrproc.1947.226202

Cited by 75 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Proceeding with the derivation, making (5) equal to (6) results in (7) where (8) and (9) is the undisturbed beat frequency that defines the spontaneous frequency separation between the oscillator inherent frequency and the injection frequency. In contrast to [8] and [9], the beat frequency evidently relates to the instantaneous modulation frequency and injection amplitude . Equation (7) is the generalized locking equation describing the phase dynamics of an oscillator under the influence of a modulation injection signal with time-varying envelope and phase components.…”

Section: A Review and Proposed Approachmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Adler used a vector diagram to describe the relation between an oscillator output signal and an injection signal; he derived a phase differential equation that accounts for many of the observed phenomena of synchronization by assuming that a weak injection signal is applied to a free-running oscillator. In 1947, Huntoon and Weiss [9] developed a synchronization equation similar to Adler's equation by considering a fictitious change of load impedance subject to injections. In 1965, Adler's work was extended by Paciorek [10] to consider higher levels of injection signals.…”

Section: A Review and Proposed Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel RF sensing circuit using injection locking and frequency demodulation for cognitive radio applications

Wang

Horng

et al. 2009

2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest

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Abstract-A novel RF sensing circuit for a cognitive radio to sense spectral environment is proposed using injection locking and frequency demodulation techniques. The research starts with deriving a generalized locking equation for oscillators as a theoretical basis, and then develops the sensing principle and circuit architecture to a practical and useful level. To accurately evaluate the sensing performance, a discrete time approach is investigated to compute the sensed output signal. In the experiments, a prototype circuit is designed in the 2.4-GHz industrial-scientific-medical band to cover a sensing frequency range from 2.4 to 2.484 GHz. The spectrum scanning over the 84-MHz bandwidth is accomplished in less than 1 ms. The experimental results agree quite well with the theoretical predictions, showing that the proposed RF sensing circuit can fast and reliably detect frequency and power for analog and digital modulation signals.

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Section: A Review and Proposed Approachmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: A Review and Proposed Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel RF sensing circuit using injection locking and frequency demodulation for cognitive radio applications

Wang

Horng

et al. 2009

2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Therefore, in this paper, performance of the proposed polar receiver is evaluated by using a discrete-time domain approach proposed in [15]. By starting with a numerical method known as the Euler method [17], the derivative can be replaced by the finite-difference approximation (9) where (10) Therefore, (4) is rewritten as (11) where (12) A situation in which is sufficiently small makes it sensible to make an approximation that is equal to . Replacing by in the right-hand side of (11) and rearranging lead to (13) (14) (15) This approach is advantageous in that can be calculated recursively by (13) instead of solving differential equation (4); in addition, it is compatible with an arbitrary modulated injection signal.…”

Section: Generalized Characteristics and Analysis Of Ilosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transient time limits the maximum modulation rate of the injection signal that can synchronize an oscillator [10], [11], [18], [19]. Previous papers have derived a general solution of (4) for a weak sinusoidal injection signal [8], [11].…”

Section: Generalized Characteristics and Analysis Of Ilosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Polar Receiver Using Two Injection-Locked Oscillator Stages

Chen

Hsiao

Horng

et al. 2011

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Abstract-A novel cognitive polar receiver that utilizes two injection-locked oscillator stages to extract the modulation envelope and phase components of a received nonconstant envelope modulation signal without using phase-locked-loop-based carrier recovery circuitry is presented. The paper begins with a theoretical analysis of injection locking and pulling phenomena based on the discrete-time computation approach, and then develops the principles of the proposed receiver. The implemented prototype can cover a sensing bandwidth of 140 MHz at a central frequency of 2.43 GHz and perform 4 differential quadrature phase-shift keying and quadrature phase-shift keying demodulation with the best error vector magnitudes of 6.6% and 7.9%, respectively, both at a symbol rate of 2 Ms/s. Due to its simplicity, the proposed receiver has great potential as an energy-efficient architecture with low complexity for short-range wireless communications.

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“…Earlier, Adler [9] and others [10]- [20] studied the frequency pulling behavior of a free-running oscillator under injection of an independent sinusoidal signal. Many approaches have been developed recently to forecast the frequency pulling effects on various kinds of oscillators [16]- [20].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Improvement of Direct-Conversion Transmitter Pulling Effects in Constant Envelope Modulation Systems

Hsiao

Wang

et al. 2010

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Abstract-Elucidating how local oscillator (LO) pulling affects a wireless direct-conversion transmitter that uses constant envelope modulation is of concern for global system for mobile communication (GSM). Therefore, this paper presents a phase dynamic model for a phase-locked loop (PLL) under directly modulated self-injection to evaluate the degraded phase noise performance of an LO pulled by a feedback modulation signal from the power amplifier output. Additionally, based on theoretical analysis, the proposed model can instruct system designers on how to optimize PLL parameters, as well as introduce an inner self-injection to minimize the impact of pulling effects. The improved performance is verified by implementing a Gaussian minimum-shift keying transmitter for GSM applications. Furthermore, the theoretical and experimental results correlate well with each other.Index Terms-Direct-conversion transmitter (DCT), injection pulling, local oscillator (LO) pulling, phase-locked loop (PLL), phase noise, self-injection locking, signal quality.

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Synchronization of Oscillators

Cited by 75 publications

References 2 publications

A novel RF sensing circuit using injection locking and frequency demodulation for cognitive radio applications

A novel RF sensing circuit using injection locking and frequency demodulation for cognitive radio applications

Cognitive Polar Receiver Using Two Injection-Locked Oscillator Stages

Analysis and Improvement of Direct-Conversion Transmitter Pulling Effects in Constant Envelope Modulation Systems

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