Synchronous emplacement of Ferrar and Karoo dolerites and the early breakup of Gondwana

Encarnación, John; Fleming, Thomas H.; Elliot, David H.; Eales, H. V.

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0535:seofak>2.3.co;2

Cited by 246 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The Karoo basalts in South Africa and Farrar volcanics extending for 4000 km throughout Antarctica are the remnants of a large CFB that erupted somewhat diachronously [49,157] just prior to the breakup of Gondwana at 183 ± 1 Ma [46]. The total original volume of the CFB, which extends over more than 6000 km, was in excess of 2.5 Mkm 3 .…”

Section: The Karoo and Farrar Provincesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the ages of flood basalt events

Courtillot

Renne

2003

Comptes Rendus. Géoscience

744

400

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We review available data constraining the extent, volume, age and duration of all major Phanerozoic continental flood basalts (CFB or traps) and oceanic plateaus (OP), together forming the group of large igneous provinces (LIP), going from the smallest Columbia flood basalts at ∼16 Ma to the as yet ill-known remnants of a possible trap at ∼360 Ma in eastern Siberia. The 16 traps (CFB and OP) reviewed form a rather unimodal distribution with an initial modal volume of the order of 2.5 Mkm 3 . Most provinces agree with a rather simple first order model in which volcanism may have lasted of the order of 10 Ma, often resulting in continental break-up, but where most of the volume was erupted in about 1 Ma or sometimes less. This makes CFBs/OPs (LIPs) major geodynamic events, with fluxes exceeding the total output of present day hot spots and even possibly exceeding over short times the entire crustal production of mid-ocean ridges. The proposed correlation between trap ages and the ages of several geological events, including mass extinctions and oceanic anoxia, is found to have improved steadily as more data have become available, to the point that the list of trap ages may coincide with many major divisions in the geological time scale. The four largest mass extinctions in the last 260 Ma coincide to the best resolution available with four traps, making a causal connection between the two through some form of catastrophic climatic perturbations the most likely hypothesis. The time sequence of LIPs appears to have been random and there is no robust evidence for long time trends in the corresponding crustal production rate over the last 260 Ma.  2003 Académie des sciences/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. RésuméNous passons en revue l'ensemble des données qui permettent de contraindre l'étendue, le volume, l'âge et la durée de toutes les grandes provinces magmatiques basaltiques (en anglais LIP) d'âge Phanérozoïque, qu'il s'agisse des trapps ou plateaux basaltiques continentaux (en anglais CFB) ou des plateaux océaniques (OP), allant de la plus récente et plus petite (le plateau de Columbia âgé de ∼16 Ma) à l'une des plus anciennes, encore mal connue, située dans l'Est de la Sibérie et sans doute âgée de ∼360 Ma. Les 16 provinces passées en revue forment une distribution assez unimodale, avec des volumes initiaux de lave de l'ordre de 2,5 Mkm 3 . La plupart des provinces sont compatibles, au premier ordre, avec un modèle simple selon lequel le volcanisme a pu durer une dizaine de millions d'années et a en général conduit à une déchirure des continents et à l'ouverture d'un nouveau bassin océanique, mais où l'essentiel du volume des laves a été émis en environ 1 million d'années, parfois moins. Ceci fait des trapps (des LIP en général) des événements géodynamiques majeurs, avec des flux de matière ayant dépassé la production totale actuelle des points chauds et même, peut-être, pendant de brefs intervalles, la totalité de la production de croûte V.E. Courtillot, P.R. Renn...

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Section: The Karoo and Farrar Provincesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the ages of flood basalt events

Courtillot

Renne

2003

Comptes Rendus. Géoscience

744

400

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“…183 Ma (Encarnación et al, 1996), in response to plume and rift-related magmatism (Elliot and Fleming, 2000;Leat, 2008;Hole, 2015). The earliest stages of activity involved rapid emplacement (~1 m.y.)…”

Section: Karoo-ferrar Lipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral Magma Flow in Mafic Sill‐complexes

Magee

Muirhead

Karvelas

et al. 2016

Acta Geologica Sinica (Eng)

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The structure of upper crustal magma plumbing systems controls the distribution of volcanism and influences tectonic processes. However, delineating the structure and volume of plumbing systems is difficult because (1) active intrusion networks cannot be directly accessed; (2) field outcrops are commonly limited; and (3) geophysical data imaging the subsurface are restricted in areal extent and resolution. This has led to models involving the vertical transfer of magma via dikes, extending from a melt source to overlying reservoirs and eruption sites, being favored in the volcanic literature. However, while there is a wealth of evidence to support the occurrence of dike-dominated systems, we synthesize field-and seismic reflection-based observations and highlight that extensive lateral magma transport (as much as 4100 km) may occur within mafic sill complexes. Most of these mafic sill complexes occur in sedimentary basins (e.g., the Karoo Basin, South Africa), although some intrude crystalline continental crust (e.g., the Yilgarn craton, Australia), and consist of interconnected sills and inclined sheets. Sill complex emplacement is largely controlled by host-rock lithology and structure and the state of stress. We argue that plumbing systems need not be dominated by dikes and that magma can be transported within widespread sill complexes, promoting the development of volcanoes that do not overlie the melt source. However, the extent to which active volcanic systems and rifted margins are underlain by sill complexes remains poorly constrained, despite important implications for elucidating magmatic processes, melt volumes, and melt sources.

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“…The c. 182 Ma emplacement of the Karoo-Ferrar mafic large igneous province in Antarctica and Africa (Encarnación et al 1996;Duncan et al 1997;Minor & Mukasa 1997;Riley & Knight 2001) is associated with the onset of Gondwana break-up and is in part contemporaneous with silicic magmatic activity in Patagonia and the Antarctic Peninsula , producing the Chon Aike Volcanic Group on the Peninsula between 188-178 Ma and 172-162 Ma (Pankhurst et al 2000). Magmatism is within the Eastern Domain, but homogenization of the Central and Eastern domains' lower crust (see above) indicates the effect of LIP magmatism in both domains and indicates a close spatial distribution.…”

Section: Early-middle Jurassic: Silicic Lip Magmatismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autochthonous v. accreted terrane development of continental margins: a revised in situ tectonic history of the Antarctic Peninsula

Burton‐Johnson

Riley

2015

JGS

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The allochthonous terrane accretion model previously proposed for the geological development of the Antarctic Peninsula continental margin arc is reviewed in light of recent data and the geology is reinterpreted as having evolved as an in situ continental arc. This is based upon the following factors: (1) the presence of Early Palaeozoic basement and stratigraphic correlation of sequences between the autochthonous and previously proposed allochthonous terranes; (2) isotopic evidence for similar deep crustal structure across the different terranes; (3) ocean island basalt magmas and deep marine sedimentary rocks formed during continental margin extension within the previously proposed accretionary wedge sequence (i.e. not formed against an active oceanic arc); (4) the distribution of magnetic susceptibility measurements and aeromagnetic data locating the palaeo-subduction zone along the west of the Peninsula; (5) a lack of clear palaeomagnetic distinction between the terranes. The following alternative tectonic history is proposed: (1) amalgamation and persistence of Gondwana; (2) subsequent silicic large igneous province magmatism and extension; (3) development and history of Andean subduction until its cessation in the Cenozoic. A number of features in the Antarctic Peninsula correlate with those of other circum-Pacific margins, supporting a global evaluation of allochthonous v. autochthonous margin development to aid our understanding of crustal growth mechanisms.

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Synchronous emplacement of Ferrar and Karoo dolerites and the early breakup of Gondwana

Cited by 246 publications

References 18 publications

On the ages of flood basalt events

On the ages of flood basalt events

Lateral Magma Flow in Mafic Sill‐complexes

Autochthonous v. accreted terrane development of continental margins: a revised in situ tectonic history of the Antarctic Peninsula

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