Synchrony, pseudosynchrony, and dissynchrony: Measuring the entrainment process in mother-infant interactions.

Bernieri, Frank J.; Reznick, J. Steven; Rosenthal, Robert

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.243

Cited by 367 publications

(331 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In Study 1, four measures of judged coordination were used. These were taken from Bernieri et al (1988) and were posed in the form of 9-point scales with anchors of very strongly agree to very strongly disagree. The statements were as follows: ' 'The partners engaged in simultaneous movement."…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and judged coordination in adult informal social interactions: Vocal and kinesic indicators.

Cappella¹

1997

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

103

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Coordination in social interaction means that persons adjust their actions to those of their partners. Common methods for measuring coordination include judgments and behavioral covariation. Sixteen 1-min segments of interaction were chosen (8 high and 8 low in behavioral coordination). In Study 1,51 people judged the 16 segments, rating each for coordination. Study 2 (N = 17) used different items. Study 3 (N = 22) replicated Study 2 without sound and with a mosaic pattern imposed on the faces. Results indicated judges were reliable, able to distinguish high from low coordination interactions on the basis of 1-min slices for male but not female dyads. Segments judged to be coordinated had partners smiling in synchrony but with complementary patterns of gazing and gesturing. Both measures correlated with conversational satisfaction, but only behavioral coordination predicted attraction.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and judged coordination in adult informal social interactions: Vocal and kinesic indicators.

Cappella¹

1997

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

103

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“…The specific methods employed by each researcher vary, but all have a relatively similar general procedure. Judges may be completely naïve (e.g., Bernieri, Reznick, & Rosenthal, 1988) or strictly trained (e.g., Criss, Shaw, & Ingoldsby, 2003;Grammer, Honda, Jüette, & Schmitt, 1999), depending on the goals of the study. Judges are commonly instructed to watch videotaped interactions and provide a rating of the interaction, typically based on Likert scales of general interaction qualities (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1988;Criss et al, 2003).…”

Section: Holistic Ratingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Judges may be completely naïve (e.g., Bernieri, Reznick, & Rosenthal, 1988) or strictly trained (e.g., Criss, Shaw, & Ingoldsby, 2003;Grammer, Honda, Jüette, & Schmitt, 1999), depending on the goals of the study. Judges are commonly instructed to watch videotaped interactions and provide a rating of the interaction, typically based on Likert scales of general interaction qualities (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1988;Criss et al, 2003). The interlocutors' dialogue may be muted (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1988) or included in the raters' materials (e.g., Criss et al, 2003); both have been established as equally effective as measures of bodily synchrony (Bernieri et al, 1994).…”

Section: Holistic Ratingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Judges are commonly instructed to watch videotaped interactions and provide a rating of the interaction, typically based on Likert scales of general interaction qualities (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1988;Criss et al, 2003). The interlocutors' dialogue may be muted (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1988) or included in the raters' materials (e.g., Criss et al, 2003); both have been established as equally effective as measures of bodily synchrony (Bernieri et al, 1994). Each interaction may be rated only once (e.g., Bernieri et al, 1988) or, to ensure high interrater reliability, by multiple raters (e.g., Criss et al, 2003).…”

Section: Holistic Ratingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frame-differencing methods for measuring bodily synchrony in conversation

2012

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The study of interpersonal synchrony examines how interacting individuals grow to have similar behavior, cognition, and emotion in time. Many of the established methods of analyzing interpersonal synchrony are costly and timeconsuming; the study of bodily synchrony has been especially laborious, traditionally requiring researchers to hand-code movement frame by frame. Because of this, researchers have been searching for more efficient alternatives for decades. Recently, some researchers (e.g., Nagaoka & Komori (IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, 91(6), [1634][1635][1636][1637][1638][1639][1640] 2008); Ramseyer & Tschacher, 2008) have applied computer science and computer vision techniques to create framedifferencing methods (FDMs) to simplify analyses. In this article, we provide a detailed presentation of one such FDM, created by modifying and adding to existing FDMs. The FDM that we present requires little programming experience or specialized equipment: Only a few lines of MATLAB code are required to execute an automated analysis of interpersonal synchrony. We provide sample code and demonstrate its use with an analysis of brief, friendly conversations; using linear mixed-effects models, the measure of interpersonal synchrony was found to be significantly predicted by time lag (p < .001) and by the interaction between time lag and measures of interpersonal liking (p < .001). This pattern of results fits with existing literature on synchrony. We discuss the current limitations and future directions for FDMs, including their use as part of a larger methodology for capturing and analyzing multimodal interaction.Keywords Synchrony . Movement . Liking . Alignment . Frame-differencing methods . Image processing . MATLAB Conversation is arguably one of the most common-and important-modes of social interaction. Combining a variety of intrapersonal and interpersonal mechanisms, conversation presents a rich source of data for researchers in numerous areas, from linguistics and affect to posture and gesture. Interpersonal synchrony research lies at the intersection of many of these areas, seeking to characterize the way that interlocutors (individuals involved in conversation) grow to have similar behavior, cognition, and emotion over time. Many areas of research in the behavioral sciences have approached the issue of synchrony, resulting in a scattered terminology: accommodation

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“…Thus, from the very first months of life, individuals live vicariously through one another adopting spontaneously, if only temporarily, a similar posture or tempo during a conversation with a peer, or imitating their favorite singer (e.g. Bernieri, Reznick, & Rosenthal, 1988;Condon & Sandler, 1974;McGarva & Warner, 2003;Meltzoff & Decety, 2003;Peery, 1980). Alterations of the individual and collective behaviors range from imitation and mimicry to spontaneous synchronization, and have been observed in groups varying in size from dyads to thousands of individuals (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social coordination dynamics: Measuring human bonding

Oullier¹,

Guzman²,

Jantzen³

et al. 2008

Social Neuroscience

324

282

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Spontaneous social coordination has been extensively described in natural settings but so far no controlled methodological approaches have been employed that systematically advance investigations into the possible self-organized nature of bond formation and dissolution between humans. We hypothesized that, under certain contexts, spontaneous synchrony -a well-described phenomenon in biological and physical settings-could emerge spontaneously between humans as a result of information exchange. Here, a new way to quantify interpersonal interactions in real time is proposed. In a simple experimental paradigm, pairs of participants facing each other were required to actively produce actions, while provided (or not) with the vision of similar actions being performed by someone else. New indices of interpersonal coordination, inspired by the theoretical framework of coordination dynamics (based on relative phase and frequency overlap between movements of individuals forming a pair) were developed and used. Results revealed that spontaneous phase synchrony (i.e., unintentional in-phase coordinated behavior) between two people emerges as soon as they exchange visual information, even if they are not explicitly instructed to coordinate with each other. Using the same tools, we also quantified the degree to which the behavior of each individual remained influenced by the social encounter even after information exchange had been removed, apparently a kind of social memory.

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Synchrony, pseudosynchrony, and dissynchrony: Measuring the entrainment process in mother-infant interactions.

Cited by 367 publications

References 29 publications

Behavioral and judged coordination in adult informal social interactions: Vocal and kinesic indicators.

Behavioral and judged coordination in adult informal social interactions: Vocal and kinesic indicators.

Frame-differencing methods for measuring bodily synchrony in conversation

Social coordination dynamics: Measuring human bonding

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