Synergetic Effect of Binary ZnS:SnS Composites with Reduced Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes as Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The development of innovative materials with excellent electrochemical properties is immediately needed to dispel the problems of battery performance. In the present study, the hydrothermal method was applied to synthesize bimetallic sulfides (ZnS:SnS), which were then anchored on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to produce ZnS:SnS@rGO composites or combined with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to achieve ZnS:SnS@CNT composites. These composites were then investigated as electrodes for sodium-ion batteries, and their charge storage properties were analyzed. Nanostructures and the morphology of the as-prepared composites were examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning or transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specific charge capacity for the ZnS:SnS@CNT composite reaches 364 mA h g–1, while the ZnS:SnS@rGO composite shows 343 mA h g–1 at 0.1 C. Moreover, the inclusion of the conductive matrices also stabilizes the cycle life and rate capability even up to 5.0 C. Nyquist plots obtained as a result of impedance spectroscopy illustrate that the ZnS:SnS@CNT composite electrodes enable fast charge transfer due to lower charge transfer resistance of 44.4 Ω as compared to ZnS:SnS@rGO (i.e., 51.5 Ω) and bare ZnS:SnS (i.e., 68 Ω) electrodes. Electrochemical analysis proves that the presence of dual metal-sulfide ions combined with reduced graphene or CNTs as a conductive matrix results in considerably improved ion storage properties owing to the enhanced electronic conductivity, cushioned volume expansion, and provision of ionic transport highways through the electrode.

Trumpet‐Like ZnS@C Composite for High‐Performance Potassium Ion Battery Anode

“…[32,39] In the oxidation process of the CV curve, there is a wide peak at 1.77 V, which is associated with potassium ion extraction, and metallic Zn is reconverted into ZnS. [31,40] It is clearly that the CV curves show a high degree of similarity in subsequent cycles. It indicates the electrochemical stability of the material to some extent.…”

“…The following Equation ( 1) describes the mathematical relationship between peak current (i) and scanning rate (v). Equation ( 2) is obtained by mathematical conversion of Equation ( 1): [18,34,40] i ¼ av b…”

“…The following Equation (1) describes the mathematical relationship between peak current (i) and scanning rate (v). Equation (2) is obtained by mathematical conversion of Equation : [18,34,40] $$$\vcenter{\openup.5em\halign{$\displaystyle{#}$\cr {\rm i}={\rm a}v{^{b}}\hfill\cr}}$$$ $$$\vcenter{\openup.5em\halign{$\displaystyle{#}$\cr {\rm Logi}={\rm blog}v+{\rm log}a\hfill\cr}}$$$ …”

Ni3S4/SnS/Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Composites as Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries

“…Furthermore, the use of bimetallic TMSs has been signified as compared to monometallic TMSs to rout sluggish electrochemical kinetics, improve cyclic stability, and cushion volumetric expansion in SIBs. − Moreover, the conducting carbon intermediaries can be introduced in the synthesis of bimetallic TMSs to solve the problem of capacity fading, structural deprivation, and pulverization of the electrode material. , Various monometallic and mixed MSs have been reported, such as SnS/ZnS@C, Fe 1– x S@SC (sulfur-doped carbon), hollow nanoboxes of SnS/ZnS@C rooted in graphene, nanosheets of NS@CNT film, CoS 2 –NiS 2 -implanted graphene two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets, binary ZnS/SnS composites with rGO and CNTs, addition of graphene nanosheets into Ni 3 S 4 nanorods, nanocrystals of NiS 2 rooted in nitrogen CNTs, heterogeneous nanowalls of NiS–SnS 2 /carbon cloth, SnS/MoS 2 /NS-CNs heterostructure (SnS/MoS 2 N, S co-doped carbon nanosheets), heterostructural self-assembled NiS/SnS, hybrid structures of SnS 2 /Ni 3 S 2 –NIF, Co 1– x S hollow polyhedrons anchored on MCFs (multichannel carbon nanofibers), and MoS 2 /SnS@C hollow hierarchical nanotubes …”

“…19−21 Moreover, the conducting carbon intermediaries can be introduced in the synthesis of bimetallic TMSs to solve the problem of capacity fading, structural deprivation, and pulverization of the electrode material. 22,23 Various monometallic and mixed MSs have been reported, such as SnS/ZnS@C, 24 Fe 1−x S@SC (sulfurdoped carbon), 25 hollow nanoboxes of SnS/ZnS@C rooted in graphene, 26 nanosheets of NS@CNT film, 27 CoS 2 −NiS 2implanted graphene two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets, 28 binary ZnS/SnS composites with rGO and CNTs, 29 addition of graphene nanosheets into Ni 3 S 4 nanorods, 30 nanocrystals of NiS 2 rooted in nitrogen CNTs, 31 heterogeneous nanowalls of NiS−SnS 2 /carbon cloth, 32 SnS/MoS 2 /NS-CNs heterostructure (SnS/MoS 2 N, S co-doped carbon nanosheets), 33 heterostructural self-assembled NiS/SnS, 34 hybrid structures of SnS 2 /Ni 3 S 2 −NIF, 35 Co 1−x S hollow polyhedrons anchored on MCFs (multichannel carbon nanofibers), 36 and MoS 2 / SnS@C hollow hierarchical nanotubes. 37 Herein, we report a simplistic hydrothermal route for the fabrication of pure heterostructural bimetallic anode Ni 3 S 4 / SnS (denoted as NTS) structure and its hybrid composite electrodes implanted in CNTs (NTS-CNTs) and rGO (NTS-rGO).…”