Synergism in Antiplasmodial Activities of Artemether and Lumefantrine in Combination with Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae)

Abstract

Malaria is the most lethal parasitic disease in the world. The frequent emergence of resistance by malaria parasites to any drug is the hallmark of sustained malaria burden. Since the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) it is clear that for a sustained fight against malaria, drug combination is one of the strategies toward malaria elimination. In Sub-Saharan Africa where malaria prevalence is the highest, the identification of plants with a novel mechanism of action that is devoid of cross-resistance is a feasible strategy in drug combination therapy. Thus, artemether and lumefantrine were separately combined and tested with extracts of Securidaca longipedunculata, a plant widely used to treat malaria, at fixed extract–drug ratios of 4:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. These combinations were tested for antiplasmodial activity against three strains of Plasmodium falciparum (W2, D6, and DD2), and seven field isolates that were characterized for molecular and ex vivo drug resistance profiles. The mean sum of fifty-percent fractional inhibition concentration (FIC50) of each combination and singly was determined. Synergism was observed across all fixed doses when roots extracts were combined with artemether against D6 strain (FIC50 0.403 ± 0.068) and stems extract combined with lumefantrine against DD2 strain (FIC50 0.376 ± 0.096) as well as field isolates (FIC50 0.656 ± 0.067). Similarly, synergism was observed in all ratios when leaves extract were combined with lumefantrine against W2 strain (FIC50 0.456 ± 0.165). Synergism was observed in most combinations indicating the potential use of S. longipedunculata in combination with artemether and lumefantrine in combating resistance.

Pharmacological Properties of Ginger Combinations

“…When used alone, extracts of ginger showed antimicrobial activity with a mean inhibition zone, a 50% microbial inhibition (MIC 50 ) value of 11.72 ± 0.62 mm and lemon (Citrus limon L.) showed MIC 50 value of 27.89 ± 1.12 mm against Streptococcus mutans. The activity of ginger when used in combination with lemon was revealed to have a mean inhibition zone with an MIC 50 value of 17.94 ± 0.46 mm [22]. This study reveals that the antimicrobial activities of ginger are enhanced when used in combination with ginger C. limon.…”

Assessment of Anticancer Properties of Argemone mexicana L. and Berberine: A Comparative Study

“…It is important to highlight the significance of considering the synergy of phytochemical compounds in extracts or partitions; the interaction between the various phytochemicals present in plants can have a significant impact on their biological activity. Moreover, the synergy between phytochemical compounds can potentially enhance their therapeutic effects, which is an important area of research in phytotherapy [29,92].…”

Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Drug Interactions of Pomegranate, Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae)

“…People use medicinal plants in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. If the condition persists, patients seek orthodox treatment in hospitals which leads to herb-drug interactions (HDIs) [14,66]. Food-drug interactions (FDIs) can also occur when food or drinks are taken during medication.…”