Synergistic action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase and maltogenic amylase improves the bioconversion of starch to malto-oligosaccharides

High Sugar Production from Hydrolysate of Pineapple Residues via Integrated Enzyme‐Membrane System

“…The effect of enzyme loading was also investigated by previous researchers where the results showed that higher concentrations of enzymes increased the sugar yield, but enzyme loadings beyond the optimum value gave almost the same sugar yield as produced at optimum enzyme loading 29. Other researchers also reported a significant increase in the yield of sugar due to higher enzyme loading to an extent, but a further increase in enzyme loading did not improve the product yield or substrate conversion 34–36. Sufficient enzyme loading is crucial for attaining a high product yield, but when the enzyme is utilized in high quantity, the hydrolysis ability is reduced 36–38.…”

“…Similar hydrolysis patterns have been reported for enzymatic hydrolases of lignocellulosic biomasses such as wheat straw [29], corn cob [40], rose petals [41], and pineapple leaves [20] for sugar production. Jaafar et al [35] and Basu et al [42] reported that the sugar production increased and observed a slight decrease after some time. They stated that by prolonging the reaction time beyond the optimum reaction period, the yield of sugar remained approximately constant.…”

“…This is most likely due to enzyme aggregation and saturation, which causes substrate diffusion inhibition to develop. As a result, it was proposed that the transglycosylation and hydrolysis events took place simultaneously [35]. Adding more enzymes to the process would be impractical because the yield has already reached its maximum.…”

“…They stated that by prolonging the reaction time beyond the optimum reaction period, the yield of sugar remained approximately constant. This phenom-enon might be due to the fact that the hydrolysis rate of sugar is higher than the transglycosylation rate [35].…”

Recent advances in enzyme biotechnology on modifying gelatinized and granular starch

“…Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase acts as a glucanotransferase producing cyclic oligosaccharides with 6, 7, or 8 glucose residues, highly branched high molecular weight dextrins, and limit dextrins, and typically has very low hydrolytic activity (Ji, et al, 2020). The reaction consists of intramolecular transglycosylation in which a α-1,4 glucosidic bond is cleaved, followed by intramolecular transfer of the reducing end to the non-reducing end (Jaafar, et al, 2021). Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase have four different types of activity: i) cyclization, ii) coupling, iii) disproportionation, and iv) hydrolysis (Ji, et al, 2020).…”