Synergistic cytotoxicity of bromoacetic acid and three emerging bromophenolic disinfection byproducts against human intestinal and neuronal cells

Chemical Interactions and Cytotoxicity of Terpene and Diluent Vaping Ingredients

“…If the interaction index is less than 1, the effect of the combination is considered synergistic. If the index is equal to 1, then the effect is considered additive, and if the interaction index is greater than 1, then the effect is defined as antagonistic . The point of intersection provides the predicted LC 50 that would fall on the additive line and serves as a marker of comparison for the measured LC 50 .…”

“…The next phase of this study was to investigate the resulting chemical interaction of an equipotent and 80:20% v/v binary mixtures of triethyl citrate and limonene. Isobolographic analysis was used in this study to assess and define the chemical interaction of the two binary mixture solutions made using chemical standards of triethyl citrate and limonene. , Chemical interactions could result as synergistic, additive, or antagonistic when compared to the initial single exposures of each chemical, as prescribed by the Loewe additivity model . Essentially, this model is a mass conservation law where the ratio of the binary mixture predicted and measured LC 50 values provide an interaction index.…”

“…An interaction index was calculated on the basis of the ratio of the predicted and measured LC 50 values. A Student’s t -test was run to determine the significance between the predicted and measured LC 50 values of the mixture . Significantly different tests are indicative of a difference in chemical interaction of the predicted LC 50 , which is based on the assumption of an additive interaction …”

“…19 Significantly different tests are indicative of a difference in chemical interaction of the predicted LC 50 , which is based on the assumption of an additive interaction. 19 Characterization of Vaped Mixtures via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Reaction products occurring during the aerosolization of triethyl citrate and limonene in 97:3 and 80:20 molar ratios were analyzed via 1 H NMR.…”

“…A trend line was plotted for each binary mixture. The intersection between the additivity line and the mixture trend lines was used to calculate the predicted LC 50 , which falls on the additivity line based on a prediction of an additive chemical interaction . An interaction index was calculated on the basis of the ratio of the predicted and measured LC 50 values.…”