Synergistic effect of graphene oxide nanoplatelets and cellulose nanofibers on mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of thermoplastic starch

Abstract

In recent years, because of the limited availability of oil resources and the increasing concerns regarding environment protection, much attention has been drawn to produce packaging films based on degradable biopolymers instead of synthetic polymers.On the other hand, because of the high costs of oil extraction, raw materials and film production, and disposing of the waste products of synthetic films, the need to replace these films with less pollutant and more cost-effective films is growing globally. In this study, to answer the need for replacing synthetic polymer films, nanocomposite films based on thermoplastic starch reinforced with cellulose nanofibers and graphene oxide nanoplatelets were produced and characterized. The results implied that the synergistic effect of cellulose nanofibers and graphene oxide nanoplatelets has played an important role in improving the mechanical properties of the films.The results showed that with the addition of cellulose nanofibers and graphene oxide nanoplatelets, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of starch film were increased from 3 and 32 MPa to 13 and 436 MPa, which corresponds to 438% and 1435% improvement, respectively. In addition, the oxygen permeability resistance and the water vapor transmission for samples containing 3 wt% of graphene oxide nanoplatelets was decreased by 78% and 30% compared with the thermoplastic starch film, respectively. The permeability coefficient of the samples containing 3 wt% graphene oxide nanoplatelets for oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide have proved to be 0.051, 0.054, and 0.047 barrer, which shows that these films can perform well as packaging films.

Electrically Conductive Nanocomposites Composed of Styrene–Acrylonitrile Copolymer and rGO via Free-Radical Polymerization

“…The thermal stability of the obtained nanocomposites was almost same values even with mRGO1, which the loading amount of the MPS is twice as much as mGRO2. These results are not due to MPS modification, but to the high heat capacity and thermal conductivity of mRGO nanosheets, which can form the heat-resistant layers that act as mass transfer barriers [ 37 ].…”

Silver Nanoparticles Decorated Graphene Filled PVDF/PMMA Blends with Advanced electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties

“…The GO nanosheets were synthesized using the modi ed Hummers method according to a previous study by Ramezani et. al [20]. Afterward, GO nanosheets were reduced using ascorbic acid to obtain rGO.…”

“…Starting with the GO nanosheets, multiple peaks can be observed at 1720, 1618, 1400, 1260, 1132, and 1049 cm − 1 . These peaks are related to oxygen-containing groups that exist on the surface of the GO nanosheets and show the presence of carbonyl and carboxyl groups, C-O-H functionality, breathing vibrations of epoxide group, and C-O stretching vibrations, respectively [20].…”

“…Reduced graphene oxide is the oxidized form of graphene with relatively lower functional groups in comparison with GO which can solve the dispersion problem of graphene sheets. As a result of the existence of carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups on its surface, rGO can be dispersed in polar solvents and also facilitate the formation of interactions with the matrices possessing the same functional groups through strong hydrogen bonds [20]. As a result of the extraordinary mechanical, thermal, and optical properties of rGO alongside its ease of dispersion in many solvents and matrices which is due to the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups, it has been used as a reinforcing ller to enhance different properties of PVDF, PMMA, and PVDF/PMMA blends [21][22][23].…”

Nanocellulose Bio-Based Composites for Food Packaging

“… Mechanical and barrier properties of nanocellulosic based composites and petroleum-based plastics [ 34 , 35 , 37 , 41 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 62 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ]. PET—Polyethylene Terephthalate; PP-Polypropylene; LDPE—Low density polyethylene; HDPE-High density polyethylene; PS-Polystyrene; PVDC-Polyvinylidene chloride; PVA-Poly vinyl alcohol; EVOH-Ethylene vinyl alcohol; PLA-Poly lactic acid; PHA-Polyhydroxyalkanoates TPS-Thermoplastic starch; NFC-nanofibrilated cellulose; CNC-cellulose nanocrystals; BNC-bacterial nanocellulose; NFC_H-hydrophobized nanobribrilated cellulose; CNC_H-hydrophobized cellulose nanocrystals; Modified NCs were colored orange.…”