Synergistic effect of microbubble flow and light fields on a bionic tree-like photobioreactor

Modeling Fischer–Tropsch to Olefins in Pilot Slurry Process with a Method of Multiscale Bubbles Hybrid Injection

“…The products Table 2. KTGF Model solid-phase pressure 41 (16) radial distribution function 42 (17) solid shear stresses (18) collision viscosity 43 (19) kinetic viscosity 43 (20) frictional viscosity 44 (21) bulk viscosity 41 (22) granular temperature 45 (23) diffusion coefficient for granular energy 46 (24) collisional dissipation of energy 41 (25) transfer of kinetic energy for fluctuating particle velocity 43 (26) The chemical reactions were assumed to not affect the material properties of the gas and slurry phases, and the reaction rate was limited by the slurry side diffusion. After comparing some typical Fischer−Tropsch synthesis kinetic models, 33,34 the reaction kinetic model of Atashi et al was used, owing to the similar cobalt-based reaction mechanism and temperature, to couple with the product distribution model fitted by the FTO experiment data, which are provided in Table 4.…”

“…A mass transfer enhancement may safely be realized by reducing the bubble size and increasing the gas–liquid interfacial area. The decrease in bubble size to microbubbles exhibits unique properties, such as high gas–liquid interfacial area, long residence time, and high internal pressure. − For instance, Zimmerman et al experimented with microbubbles (diameter approximately 550 μm) and noticed an increase in mass transfer efficiency by 29% when compared to 2 mm sized bubbles . However, the decline in the bubble size to the micrometer scale led to a rapid decrease in the corresponding influencing factor of liquid mass transfer coefficient ( k l ), indicating diminished gas mixing ability for the liquid or slurry phase.…”

Photobioreactors for cultivation and synthesis: Specifications, challenges, and perspectives

“…Nature processes can be considered, from a general point of view, continuously optimized for a long period of time [ 79 ], which makes them very attractive to emulate and apply for a certain process. As many times happened in history, for example with planes or submarines, several nature‐inspired researchers have proposed bold and interesting new PBR designs in the last years [ 80 , 81 , 82 ].…”

“…The purpose of the nature‐inspired PBRs is to increase the surface‐to‐volume ratio by imitating shapes found in nature [ 79 , 83 ]. Also, the diffusion, heat and mass transfer are maximized using fractural structures based on the biological operations found in trees, lungs, birds, etc.…”

“…[ 26 ]. The advances in 3D printing technology have allowed to manufacture a fractural new nature‐inspired photobioreactor, which imitates the bifurcations of a tree [ 79 ]. As the pyramid photobioreactor, they are still in experimental stage and further studies are needed to broaden the applicability of these PBRs [ 26 ].…”