Synergistic Effect of Static Magnetic Fields and 3D-Printed Iron-Oxide-Nanoparticle-Containing Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

In scaffold-regulated bone regeneration, most three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds do not provide physical stimulation to stem cells. In this study, a magnetic scaffold was fabricated using fused deposition modeling with calcium silicate (CS), iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4), and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) as the matrix for internal magnetic sources. A static magnetic field was used as an external magnetic source. It was observed that 5% Fe3O4 provided a favorable combination of compressive strength (9.6 ± 0.9 MPa) and degradation rate (21.6 ± 1.9% for four weeks). Furthermore, the Fe3O4-containing scaffold increased in vitro bioactivity and Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells’ (WJMSCs) adhesion. Moreover, it was shown that the Fe3O4-containing scaffold enhanced WJMSCs’ proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the osteogenic-related proteins of the scaffold. Under the synergistic effect of the static magnetic field, the CS scaffold containing Fe3O4 can not only enhance cell activity but also stimulate the simultaneous secretion of collagen I and osteocalcin. Overall, our results demonstrated that Fe3O4-containing CS/PCL scaffolds could be fabricated three dimensionally and combined with a static magnetic field to affect cell behaviors, potentially increasing the likelihood of clinical applications for bone tissue engineering.

Additive manufacturing of barium-doped calcium silicate/poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds to activate CaSR and AKT signalling and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

“…2–4 Scaffolding materials and designs are key factors in bone regeneration and are critical for cell infiltration and metabolic transport, and they possess osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. 5–7 Calcium silicate (CS)-based bioceramics have received increasing attention because of their promising osteogenic and angiogenic properties in the absence of biological growth factors. 8–10 The precipitated hydroxyapatite (HA) induced by the CS surface is chemically similar to natural bone, providing Ca and Si for initial bone mineralisation and inducing stem cells towards osteogenic differentiation, thereby making it one of the most promising bone materials.…”

Towards Polycaprolactone-Based Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Tissue Engineering: A Biomimetic Approach in a 3D Printing Technique

“…Due to its poor hydrophilicity, it lacks the osteogenic potential to induce bone regeneration [133]. Therefore, researchers have been combining PCL with various polymers [134][135][136] and inorganic substances [137][138][139] to enhance the biomechanical properties of the scaffolds. The incorporation of bioactive inorganic particles, such as HA [100,103,[140][141][142] and CS [143][144][145], into the PCL matrix offers a promising solution to overcome these drawbacks.…”

Spontaneous Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Tuna-Bone-Derived Hydroxyapatite Composites with Green Tea Polyphenol-Reduced Graphene Oxide

“…Bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds have 2 of 12 emerged as a promising approach to rehabilitate bone losses by filling damaged cavities and facilitating native wound healing [4]. BTE scaffold development involves cytocompatible materials that are similar to those found in native bones, creating a microenvironment that promotes cellular adhesion, migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation [5,6]. As a result, BTE studies use various biomaterials to support structural integrity and facilitate osseointegration, which is the direct and functional connection between bone and graft, as well as osteoconduction, which is the growth of new bone on the graft surface [7,8].…”