Synergistic effects of amine-modified ammonium polyphosphate on curing behaviors and flame retardation properties of epoxy composites

Kim, Myounguk; Ko, Hyun-Seok; Park, Sunmin

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.04.016

Cited by 90 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) has been approved as a good flame retardant filler for cured epoxy product during combustion . Furthermore, a hyperbranched polymer containing siloxane, poly(ethylene glycol) and aliphatic chains, coded as HBP‐B2, has been synthesized by the stepwise polymerization of epoxypropoxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, dedecyl and tetradecyl glycidyl ethers, and polyetheramine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy composites with ammonium polyphosphate and hyperbranched silicon‐containing polymers

Cheng

Kuo

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The epoxy resin was mixed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and hyperbranched silicon-containing polymers (HBP-B2). The cured composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, Underwriters Laboratory standard for the flammability properties under vertical burning (UL-94V), and limited oxygen index (LOI) test methods. The LOI of 43.5 and could be obtained at the weight ratio of 70:25:5 for the epoxy resin:APP:HBP-B2, Sample A25B5, and the LOI was higher than that of the composite with 30 wt % APP only, Sample A30B0, of which the LOI was 34.5. It suggested that the HBP-B2 could cooperate with the epoxy/APP composite to form a more effective protection layer during combustion, which resulted in a higher second-stage thermal degradation temperature. During the UL-94V test, the flame was extinguished immediately once the burner was removed. Furthermore, the tensile and impact strength of the epoxy/APP composite could also be improved by using HBP-B2 compound as the toughening agent. The composite containing 20% of APP and 10% of HBP-B2, Sample A20B10, still had excellent flame retardant properties with a V-0 rating. Moreover, the tensile strength and impact strength of that composite got 19 and 25% increases compared with the Sample A30B0, which contained 30% of APP only.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy composites with ammonium polyphosphate and hyperbranched silicon‐containing polymers

Cheng

Kuo

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Chemical structures of SP‐APP were investigated by FTIR and 1 H NMR detailedly. In Figure 2A, different from the FTIR spectra of APTES and APP, a new absorption peak at 1540 cm −1 ascribed to the bending absorption of NH 3 + appears in the FTIR spectrum of APTES‐APP, meaning the occurrence of ion exchange reaction between APP (NH 4 + ) and APTES (NH 2 ) 10,18 . In Figure 2B, in contrast to the FTIR spectra of DPSD, BD‐TES, APTES‐APP and SP‐APP, two new absorption peaks at 1645 cm −1 and 1000 to 1200 cm −1 are presented in the FTIR spectrum of SP‐APP, which are assigned to C=N and Si‐O‐Si, respectively 23,24 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Up to now, many efforts have been made to develop the effective flame retardants for PA6, especially the additive flame retardants 5‐7 . Herein, a phosphorus‐containing flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), is regarded as one of the most promising candidates owing to its merits of low toxicity and low cost 8‐11 . As a well‐established inorganic flame retardant, APP can serve as gas and acid source simultaneously in the flame‐retardant system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel organic‐inorganic flame retardant of ammonium polyphosphate chemically coated by Schiff base‐containing branched polysiloxane for polyamide 6

Fan

Sun

Wang

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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A novel organic-inorganic flame retardant (SP-APP) was first designed by coating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with Schiff base-containing branched polysiloxane via ion exchange reaction and dehydration-condensation. High water resistance and charring capacity of the SP-APP greatly overcame the poor water resistance of APP and endowed polyamide 6 (PA6) with excellent flame retardancy and anti-dripping. The prepared PA6/SP-APP composite with 12 wt% of SP-APP reached the highest limited oxygen index (LOI) of 32.5% and passed V-0 rating of UL-94 test with nondripping, while PA6 and PA6/APP with 12 wt% of APP failed to pass the UL-94 test. A sharp reduction of 50.9% in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and 29.4% in total heat release (THR) was found for PA6/SP-APP in contrast with PA6. The working mechanism of SP-APP in enhancing the flame retardancy of PA6 was also explored intensively and the synergistic effects of catalytic degradation of APP, self-crosslinking behavior of Schiff base structure and thermo-oxidative degradation of branched polysiloxane contributed to the improvement of flame retardancy of PA6/SP-APP.

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“…Epoxy resin is widely used in construction, shipbuilding, aerospace, electronics industry, and so forth, due to its good mechanical properties, transparency and thermal stability 1–3 . However, the flammability of epoxy resin limits its further application 4,5 . The addition of flame retardant to polymer composites is considered to be the most economical and convenient industrial method to improve this drawback 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive organophosphorus flame retardant for transparency, low‐flammability, and mechanical reinforcement epoxy resin

Wang

Tang

Yu³

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To maintain transparency and improve flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin, a reactive organophosphorus flame retardant (DPDDM) was designed and synthesized, which was derived from 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4, 4′‐ diamino diphenylmethane and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa –10‐ phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxidein two steps. Compared with neat epoxy resin (EP), the tensile strength and flexural strength of the EP with 5% DPDDM increased by 28.6% and 42.8%, respectively, indicating that DPDDM can significantly improve the mechanical properties of EP materials. Meanwhile, the DPDDM modified EP materials have good transparency and the EP with 5% DPDDM passed the V‐0 rating and had the limiting oxygen index as high as 34%. Cone calorimeter test results showed that the heat release and smoke generation of the modified materials were significantly lower than the unmodified materials, which were reduced by 32.6% and 64.6%, respectively, indicating that the modified materials can greatly improve the safety of fire prevention. This work provides a new approach to prepare transparent epoxy resin with good mechanical properties and excellent flame retardancy.

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Synergistic effects of amine-modified ammonium polyphosphate on curing behaviors and flame retardation properties of epoxy composites

Cited by 90 publications

References 44 publications

Flame retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy composites with ammonium polyphosphate and hyperbranched silicon‐containing polymers

Flame retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy composites with ammonium polyphosphate and hyperbranched silicon‐containing polymers

A novel organic‐inorganic flame retardant of ammonium polyphosphate chemically coated by Schiff base‐containing branched polysiloxane for polyamide 6

Reactive organophosphorus flame retardant for transparency, low‐flammability, and mechanical reinforcement epoxy resin

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