Synergistic Effects of Copper and Butylic Ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (Esternon Ultra) on Amphibian Embryos

Pérez-Coll, Cristina S.; Herkovits, Jorge

doi:10.3390/ijerph2006030044

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In a previous study in Bufo arenarum embryos continuously exposed to the same 2,4‐D CF from the end of their embryonic development, the Lethal Concentrations (LCs) 50 for 24 and 168 h were 4 and 3 mg L −1 CF respectively. Toxicity Profiles (TOPs), isotoxicity curves based on the LCs, were also reported in that study (Pérez‐Coll and Herkovits,2006). Although those values may already imply a risk for amphibian embryos (EPA,2004), based on previous stage‐dependent susceptibility studies, it has been found that certain stages are highly susceptible to noxious agents (Herkovits et al,1997; Castañaga et al,2009).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Stage‐dependent toxicity of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic on the embryonic development of a South American toad, Rhinella arenarum

Aronzon

Sandoval

Herkovits

et al. 2011

Environmental Toxicology

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The acute and short term chronic toxicity of both the herbicide butyl ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and a commercial formulation (CF) were evaluated on Rhinella (= Bufo) arenarum embryos at different developmental stages. Adverse effects were analyzed by means of the isotoxicity curves for lethality, malformations, stage-dependent susceptibility, and ultrastructural features. For all experimental conditions, the CF was more toxic, up to 10 times, than the active ingredient, being the open mouth stage (S.21) the most susceptible to the herbicide. For continuous treatment conditions, the early embryonic development was the most susceptible to 2,4-D and the LC50s for 96 and 168 h were 9.06 and 7.76 mg L(-1) respectively. In addition, both the active ingredient and the CF were highly teratogenic, resulting in reduced body size, delayed development, microcephaly, agenesis of gills, and abnormal cellular proliferation processes as the main adverse effects. According to US EPA, 2,4-D in agricultural scenarios may be up to three times higher than the NOEC values for teratogenic effects reported in this study. Therefore, they might represent a risk for amphibians. This study also points out the relevance of reporting the susceptibility of embryos at different developmental stages to both the active ingredient and the CF of agrochemicals in order to protect nontarget organisms.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Stage‐dependent toxicity of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic on the embryonic development of a South American toad, Rhinella arenarum

Aronzon

Sandoval

Herkovits

et al. 2011

Environmental Toxicology

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“…Similarly, a high concentration of N increased malformations in tadpoles, including swollen sac-like bodies, and in narrow-eyed frog (Nyctibatrachus major), cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis), green frogs (Rana clamitans), and bullfrogs (R. catesbeiana) [40][41][42]. Pollutants at low concentrations have mixed and additive toxic effects on the development of amphibian embryos [43][44][45][46][47]. Though heavy metals were not detected in TWE and TWE-mixed water samples in July, an increase in malformation of tadpoles suggests that unidentified pollutants at trace levels may increase the teratogenic activity of TWE in a mixed and additive manner.…”

Section: Effects Of Twe On the Malformation Of B Orientalis Embryosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental toxicity of treated municipal wastewater effluent on Bombina orientalis (Amphibia: Anura) embryos

Park

Ahn

Cho

et al. 2014

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Amphibian populations have been decreasing in urban freshwater systems in Korea. To elucidate the biological safety of treated wastewater effluent (TWE) in the Tancheon basin, the capital area of Korea, a 7-d-exposure Bombina orientalis embryo developmental toxicity assay was examined during the breeding season. In March, there were no significant differences in embryonic survival or malformation among the water samples. In July, following monsoon precipitation, embryonic lethality in TWE was significantly higher than in the upstream water sample. Malformation in TWE and TWE-mixed waters was significantly higher than in the control and upstream water samples. Tail muscle height of tadpoles also significantly decreased in TWE and TWE-mixed waters. Heavy metals were not detected in any samples. Total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and chemical oxygen demand in TWE markedly increased together with a decrease in dissolved oxygen in July. The increase in organic and inorganic loading following precipitation could have made TWE and TWE-mixed water not suitable for embryonic development. Though being managed based on physicochemical criteria, the water quality of TWE may not be sufficient to assure normal development of amphibian embryos. An amphibian developmental toxicity assay would be helpful for the water-quality management of TWE and urban freshwater systems in Korea.

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“…There are many toxicological studies involving amphibians like Rhinella sp and Xenopus sp, because they are more sensitive than other vertebrate species to aquatic contaminants [22][23][24][25][26]. This is the reason they are useful for ecotoxicological studies and widely used to perform toxicity bioassays [27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal and sublethal toxicity of the industrial chemical epichlorohydrin on Rhinella arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) embryos and larvae

Wolkowicz

Aronzon

Coll

2013

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Synergistic Effects of Copper and Butylic Ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (Esternon Ultra) on Amphibian Embryos

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

Stage‐dependent toxicity of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic on the embryonic development of a South American toad, Rhinella arenarum

Stage‐dependent toxicity of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic on the embryonic development of a South American toad, Rhinella arenarum

Developmental toxicity of treated municipal wastewater effluent on Bombina orientalis (Amphibia: Anura) embryos

Lethal and sublethal toxicity of the industrial chemical epichlorohydrin on Rhinella arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) embryos and larvae

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