Synergistic effects of organically modified montmorillonite in combination with metal oxides on the fire safety enhancement of intumescent flame‐retarded epoxy resins

Use of Salen‐phosphazene (Salen‐PZN) complex for flame retardant polymeric materials demonstrate good flame retardancy due to their abundant flame retardant elements and aromatic‐rich structure. To further enhance their flame retardancy and interaction with the matrix, phosphorous (DK) was armed on nickel‐based Salen‐polyphosphazene complex (DK@Salen‐PZN‐Ni) as a smart decoration. The composite with DK decoration has higher tensile strength than the DK‐free composite. Moreover, cone calorimeter study showed that with 3 wt% total additive loading, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and peak smoke rate (pSPR) of DK@Salen‐PZN‐Ni/EP composite were reduced by 21.0% and 30.3%, respectively when compared with pure EP. The limited oxygen index of the composite was 30.2%, while the vertical burning test (UL‐94) reached the V‐1 rate. Flame retardance mechanism of DK@Salen‐PZN‐Ni was discussed in detail. The designing of flame retardants alleviated the mechanical property failure and improved the flame retardancy of polymeric composite.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A smartDOPO‐containing decoration armed on Salen‐polyphosphazene toward high‐efficient flame retardancy for epoxy thermoset

Yang

Zhao

Guo

et al. 2021

“…The absorption peaks at 606 and 2325 cm −1 are referred to SiOP. [ 3,6,11 ] The FTIR spectrum of MPPH manifests an absorption band at 3419 cm −1 for primary amine. A new characteristic wide and intense absorption band appeared at 3154 cm −1 , and a medium narrow one at 1399 cm −1 are ascribed to NH + .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoke suppression, flame retardancy, and fire toxicity of polypropylene containing melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate halloysite

Abdelkhalik

Mahmoud

Nour

et al. 2023

Polypropylene (PP) was melt blended with a new mono molecular intumescent flame retardant, melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate halloysite (MPPH) to enhance its thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression properties. The structure of MPPH was elucidated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1 H NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. PP composites results showed that MPPH increased the thermal stability of PP at high temperatures in all PP composites. The horizontal flammability test (UL94H) showed that MPPH stopped flame propagation in PP composites. Vertical burning rate test (UL94V) revealed that PP composites can attain V 0 rating at loading levels 25, 30, and 35 wt.% of MPPH. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) data indicated that adding 20, 25, 30, and 35 wt.% of MPPH to PP increased the LOI value of PP (19.2%) to 27.1%, 32.5%, 35.4%, and 38.7%. MPPH succeeded in reducing the maximum specific optical density (Ds max ), mass specific optical density (MOD), and rate of smoke generation during the first 4 min (VOF4) of PP composites compared to PP alone. FTIR gas analyzer results revealed that MPPH decreased the emission of CO and CO 2 in the gas phase during the combustion process. Digital photos and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of char residues remained after the smoke density test revealed that MPPH succeeded in forming a cellular and cohesive char layer on the PP surface. The new data is expected to increase the use of PP in rigid packaging applications.fire toxicity, intumescent flame retardants, polypropylene, smoke suppression | INTRODUCTIONPolypropylene (PP) is widely utilized in transportation, building, electrical, electronic applications, and common home products. However, PP has low fire resistance, which limits its usage in different applications. Because

“…A compact structure with a continuous surface can be observed in the residue of PVC/ASA/15A-Coal composites (Figure 4C), which cannot be observed on the PVC/ASA/15M-Coal material. This is due to A-Coal is randomly distributed in PVC/ASA material, which restricts the movement of the PVC/ASA chain [25,27,28] and weakens the dripping phenomenon in the combustion process. The compact structure provides a better physical barrier to heat transfer.…”

Section: Flame-retardant Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of environment‐friendly intercalated Coal and coal gangue on flame‐retardant, antistatic, and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate composites

Hou

et al. 2022

Coal‐based environment‐friendly PVC/ASA flame‐retardant and antistatic composites were made by melt blending poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–styrene‐acrylate (PVC/ASA) with self‐made alkaline calcium‐based coal gangue thermal stabilizer (Y‐CG) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) intercalation modified Coal (A‐Coal). The flame‐retardant mechanism of PVC/ASA/A‐Coal/Y‐CG composites was due to incombustible gas, maze effect, carbon residue layer and blowing‐out effect through limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion (UL‐94) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) test. The results indicated that PVC/ASA/12A‐Coal/10Y‐CG composites had the best flame‐retardant properties with LOI value of 31.8% and can pass the V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 test. After combustion, PVC/ASA/12A‐Coal/10Y‐CG composites formed a dense carbon layer that inhibits gas released and heat transferred. The surface resistivity (ρs) and volume resistivity (ρv) of PVC/ASA/A‐Coal/Y‐CG composites first decreased and then increased with the increase of A‐Coal content. The ρs and ρv values of PVC/ASA/12A‐Coal/10Y‐CG composites decreased to the minimum values of 5.14 × 106 Ω and 9.05 × 105 Ω·cm. The tensile strength and impact strength of PVC/ASA/A‐Coal/Y‐CG composites first increased and then decreased with A‐Coal content. The tensile strength and impact strength of PVC/ASA/12A‐Coal/10Y‐CG composites reached the maximum of 65.03 MPa and 17.52 kJ/m2, respectively. To sum up, the incorporation of A‐Coal and Y‐CG can reinforce and toughen PVC/ASA composites, but it can also enhance their flame‐retardant, antistatic properties.