2023
DOI: 10.3390/rs15081983
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Synergistic Use of Earth Observation Driven Techniques to Support the Implementation of Water Framework Directive in Europe: A Review

Abstract: The development of a sustainable water quality monitoring system at national scale remains a big challenge until today, acting as a hindrance for the efficient implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). This work provides valuable insights into the current state-of-the-art Earth Observation (EO) tools and services, proposing a synergistic use of innovative remote sensing technologies, in situ sensors, and databases, with the ultimate goal to support the European Member States in effective WFD imple… Show more

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Cited by 12 publications
(11 citation statements)
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“…In this context, the use of remote sensing allows for wide spatial coverage and regular monitoring frequency, providing information on water conditions, bottom properties and the presence and abundance of aquatic plants, distinguishing them into different association types; this complements traditional in situ measurements [17][18][19][20][21][22]. The reviews reported in [23,24] highlighted the significant increase in remote sensing studies of inland water quality, due both to improved access to Earth Observation (EO) data and increasing computational capabilities. Particularly, imaging spectroscopy has gained wide interest [25][26][27][28], as the collection of data in narrower, contiguous bands is improving aquatic ecosystem mapping for the simultaneous retrieval of parameters describing water quality and aquatic vegetation (e.g., biomass [29] and the identification of invasive species [30]).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this context, the use of remote sensing allows for wide spatial coverage and regular monitoring frequency, providing information on water conditions, bottom properties and the presence and abundance of aquatic plants, distinguishing them into different association types; this complements traditional in situ measurements [17][18][19][20][21][22]. The reviews reported in [23,24] highlighted the significant increase in remote sensing studies of inland water quality, due both to improved access to Earth Observation (EO) data and increasing computational capabilities. Particularly, imaging spectroscopy has gained wide interest [25][26][27][28], as the collection of data in narrower, contiguous bands is improving aquatic ecosystem mapping for the simultaneous retrieval of parameters describing water quality and aquatic vegetation (e.g., biomass [29] and the identification of invasive species [30]).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the context of the EU-WFD, a comprehensive evaluation has been conducted on 111,062 European surface water bodies, where 46% of these are being adequately monitored to assess their ecological status, while 23% suffer from insufficient in situ water sampling. Notably, a significant proportion of 4% remains with an unknown ecological status, warranting further investigation and attention [12,13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This assessment relies on biological quality elements supported by physico-chemical and hydromorphological quality elements [13]. Among these, key physico-chemical parameters include turbidity, water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity, which are also commonly referred to as water quality parameters [2,12,14]. Dissolved oxygen (DO), indicating the amount of molecular oxygen dissolved in rivers, lakes, or estuaries, is crucial for assessing freshwater ecosystems [15][16][17][18], with high levels indicating good water quality [15,17].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…However, manual sampling and laboratory analysis of WQ for any given water body or process can be inefficient, expensive and time consuming. As a result, intelligent systems are increasingly used to monitor WQ, especially when real-time data are needed [21][22][23][24].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%