Synergy and regulation of antiphage systems: toward the existence of a bacterial immune system?

Tesson, Florian; Bernheim, Aude

doi:10.1016/j.mib.2022.102238

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…We have briefly mentioned the lysis-lysogeny choice in temperate phage [72,73,74,75]; such temperate phage may themselves carry genes that prevent invasion of other phage types [77] or genes that allow using other phage genomes to produce offspring (pirate phages [78,79,80]). A vast number of phage defence mechanisms and anti-phage defence mechanisms obviously contribute to sustaining the phage-bacteria coexistence and diversity arising from coevolution [11,7,8]. The fascinating diversity of molecular mechanisms challenges the theoretical microbial ecology to provide a unified picture to help navigate around the individuality of different systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacteriophages play a critical role in balancing and sometimes reshaping microbial ecosystems, supporting the diversity of bacterial strains [1,2,3,4] and in facilitating the transmission of genes between different bacterial strains [5] and species [6]. Genetic engineering and gene-editing in modern biotechnology are by-products of the fitness gain of bacteria when they protect themselves from phages by restriction-modification enzymes [7,8] or CRISPR systems [9,10,11,8]. Future explorations in phage resistance mechanisms will likely unravel other aspects [12,13,14,15] of the aeon-long war between these dominating life forms [16,17] on our planet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable Diversity of Phage-Bacteria Systems

Mitarai¹,

Marantos²,

Sneppen³

2023

Preprint

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Bacteriophages are central to microbial ecosystems for balancing bacterial populations and promoting evolution by applying strong selection pressure. Here we review the aspects that modulate phage-bacteria interaction in a way that naturally promotes their coexistence. We focus on the modulations that arise from structural, physical, or physiological constraints. We argue that they should apply in a broad range of phage-bacteria systems promoting sustainable diversity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Diversity of Phage-Bacteria Systems

Mitarai¹,

Marantos²,

Sneppen³

2023

Preprint

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“…Indeed, the bioinformatic tools DefenseFinder and PADLOC show that the 110900 strain carries additional defense systems, including restriction modification, abortive infection, Serine/Threonine Kinase, and Dodola systems (Supplementary Table 1 [50][51][52][53]). Therefore, these systems are likely to defend against phage killing in a synergistic or additive manner not observed in heterologous systems [54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EndogenousStaphylococcus aureusCRISPR-cassystem limits phage proliferation and efficiently excises from the genome as part of the SCCmeccassette

Mikkelsen

Bowring

et al. 2023

Preprint

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CRISPR-Cas is an adaptive immune system that allows bacteria to inactivate mobile genetic elements. Approximately 50% of bacteria harbor CRISPR-cas, however in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, CRISPR-cas loci are less common and often studied in heterologous systems. We analyzed the prevalence of CRISPR-cas in genomes of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Denmark. Only 2.9 % of the strains carried CRISPR-cas systems, but for strains of sequence type ST630 over half were positive. All CRISPR-cas loci were type III-A and located within the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec) type V(5C2&5) conferring β-lactam resistance. Curiously, only 23 different CRISPR spacers were identified in 69 CRISPR-positive strains and almost identical SCCmec cassettes, CRISPR arrays and cas genes, are present in staphylococcal species other than aureus, suggesting that these were transferred horizontally. For the ST630 strain 110900, we demonstrate that the SCCmec cassette containing CRISPR-cas excises from the chromosome at high frequency. However, the cassette was not transferable under the conditions investigated. One of the CRISPR spacers targets a late gene in the lytic bacteriophage (phage) virus phiIPLA-RODI, and we show that the system protects against phage infection by reducing phage burst size. However, CRISPR-Cas can be overloaded or bypassed by CRISPR escape mutants. Our results imply that the endogenous type III-A CRISPR-Cas system in S. aureus is active against targeted phages, albeit with low efficacy. This suggests native S. aureus CRISPR-Cas offers only partial immunity, and in nature may work in tandem with other defence systems.

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“…It is, however, the interaction between different lines of defense, which ultimately shapes the immune system -a notion which is well accepted for antiviral immunity in eukaryotes, but still very underdeveloped for the prokaryotic world. Technological advances now enable the spatiotemporal analysis of the interaction and complementation of different antiviral systems providing unprecedented insights into their interaction and interdependencies within bacterial species [73,74].…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial multicellular behavior in antiviral defense

Luthe¹,

Kever²,

Thormann³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Multicellular behaviour benefits seemingly simple organisms such as bacteria, by improving nutrient uptake, resistance to stresses or by providing advantages in predatory interactions. Several recent studies have shown that this also extends to the defense against bacteriophages, which are omnipresent in almost all habitats. In this review, we summarize strategies conferring protection against phage infection at the multicellular level, covering secretion of small antiphage molecules or membrane vesicles, the role of quorum sensing in phage defense, and the impact of biofilm components and architecture. Recent studies focusing on these topics push the boundaries of our understanding of the bacterial immune system and set the ground for an appreciation of bacterial multicellular behaviour in antiviral defense.

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Synergy and regulation of antiphage systems: toward the existence of a bacterial immune system?

Cited by 30 publications

References 61 publications

Sustainable Diversity of Phage-Bacteria Systems

Sustainable Diversity of Phage-Bacteria Systems

EndogenousStaphylococcus aureusCRISPR-cassystem limits phage proliferation and efficiently excises from the genome as part of the SCCmeccassette

Bacterial multicellular behavior in antiviral defense

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