Synergy between Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus on <italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic> Hosts Tested by Real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction

Abstract

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) are two principal viruses infecting cucurbitaceous crops, and their synergy has been repeatedly observed. In our present work, a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction procedure was established to study the accumulation kinetics of these two viruses in single and combined infections at the molecular level. The accumulations of open reading frames (ORFs) for 1a, 2a, 3a and coat protein (CP) of CMV and CP of ZYMV were tested. In the single infection, CMV-Fny ORFs accumulated to their maxima in cucumber or bottle gourd at 14 d post-inoculation (dpi), and gradually declined thereafter. ZYMV-SD CP ORF reached maximal accumulation at 14 and 28 dpi on cucumber and bottle gourd, respectively. However, when co-infected with CMV-Fny and ZYMV-SD, the maximal accumulation levels of all viral ORFs were delayed. CMV-Fny ORFs reached their maxima at 21 dpi on both hosts, and ZYMV-SDCP ORF reached maximal accumulation at 21 and 28 dpi on cucumber and bottle gourd, respectively. Generally, the accumulation levels of CMV-Fny ORFs in the co-infection were higher than those in the single infection, whereas the accumulation of ZYMV-SD CP ORF showed a reverse result.

Non-persistently aphid-borne viruses infecting pumpkin and squash in Serbia and partial characterization of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus isolates

“…Also, it is well known that mixed infections are common in cucurbits (Ali et al 2012), as well as that CMV and potyviruses infecting cucurbits cause a notable symptom enhancement (Massumi et al 2007;Ramos et al 2003) due to synergistic effects (Wang et al 2002;Zeng et al 2007). In this investigation, it was found that the variation of symptoms was great, and not dependent upon the host plant genotype.…”

Application of game theory to the interaction between plant viruses during mixed infections

“…However, just focusing on plant viruses, the same interaction described here has been observed for several other pairs of viruses (Hii et al, 2002;Kokkinos & Clark, 2006;Zeng et al, 2007;Wintermantel et al, 2008). In other interactions, however, both viruses gain an advantage (Scheets, 1998;Hii et al, 2002), both viruses pay a cost (Wintermantel et al, 2008), one of them gains whereas the other is not apparently affected (Wang et al, 2002(Wang et al, , 2004Wege & Siegmund, 2007) or one pays a cost whilst the other remains unaffected (Pohl & Wege, 2007).…”

“…Detection techniques used in most previous reports on mixed infections have been aimed at comparing the accumulation of each competing virus in singly versus coinfected plants, but to our knowledge, relative accumulation among competing viruses has been estimated only in a few instances (Scheets, 1998;Kokkinos & Clark, 2006;Zeng et al, 2007;Wintermantel et al, 2008). To determine an estimate of the relative fitness of our competing viruses, TuMV was titrated by RT-qPCR and CaMV by qPCR using an absolute quantification method.…”

A Game-Theoretic Model of Interactions between Hibiscus Latent Singapore Virus and Tobacco Mosaic Virus

“…A total of 14 virus-virus interactions out of 9 papers that contained data on the short term and long term quantifications of the viruses were investigated [2], [15], [17]–[23]. The earliest data reported in those papers was taken as short term data, while the latest data as long term data.…”

“…These mixed infections usually generate effects that are not observed in single infections as plants are often found to be co-infected with multiple viruses [1]. The synergy ranges from mutual increase in virus titre, asymmetric increase in titre of one virus, while no change for another virus [2]–[3], to no change for one virus but asymmetric decrease in titre of the other virus [4]. There have been cases of mutual interference, which causes a decrease in both viruses [5].…”