Synergy of Al2(SO4)3 and H3PO4 in co-solvents converts starch to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

Catalytic Upgrading of Lignocellulosic Biomass Sugars Toward Biofuel 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural

“…The increase of EMF can be attributed to the inhibition of the conversion of EMF to EL. Then adding too much co-solvent can reduce the amount of EMF, which is attributed to the decrease of ethanol content in the system to limit the etherification of HMF into EMF (Chen et al, 2020b). Besides, several studies have shown that ultrasonic assistance can form cavitation bubbles in the system and promote bond breakage, which can promote the reaction to a certain extent (Karnjanakom and Maneechakr, 2019b).…”

Catalytic Synthesis of the Biofuel 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) from Biomass Sugars

“…With a "one-pot" method, direct assembly of EMF from disaccharides, polysaccharides, and biomass sugars shows obvious advantages in the economy and less energy intensity. is method can reduce the cost and steps of intermediate separation and purification [27][28][29]. But, it always has a relatively lower yield of EMF from these complex carbohydrates, compared with fructose, HMF, 5chloromethylfurfural (CMF), and 5-bromomethylfurfural (BMF) [29][30][31][32][33].…”

“…Furthermore, one molecule of sucrose comprises one unit of glucose and one unit of fructose, with a fructose content of 50% that is lower than inulin, and its yield of EMF is between 10% and 45% [53][54][55][56]. e hydrolysate of starch [28,50], cellobiose [50,51,56], and cellulose [51,52] is glucose, so the EMF yield of these substrates is generally low. From Scheme 2, we can know that glucose-based carbohydrates (starch, cellobiose, and cellulose) have two ways to convert glucose into EMF.…”

“…Acid catalysts can stimulate some necessary reactions such as hydrolysis of disaccharides and polysaccharides to fructose and glucose, glucose isomerization, fructose dehydration, and HMF etherification. Furthermore, it is indicated that the ratio of Lewis acid and Brønsted acid can influence the selectivity of EMF, and Brønsted acid plays a very imperative part in catalyzing the reaction of carbohydrates and HMF to prepare EMF [28,48,57,58]. Nowadays, both homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts have been developed to be widely used in this reaction.…”

“…Compared with a single-acid catalyst, PTSA-POM combined with AlCl 3 •6H 2 O could obtain a satisfying EMF yield (30.6%) from glucose. An optimistic EMF yield was obtained from glucose-based saccharides, such as corn starch (36.9%), amylose (39.8%), and amylopectin (34.7%), by using a mixed-acid catalyst that contains H 3 PO 4 and Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 in an ethanol/DMSO medium [28].…”