Syngas production for gas-to-liquids applications: technologies, issues and outlook

Wilhelm, D.; Simbeck, D.R.; Karp, A.; Dickenson, R.L.

doi:10.1016/s0378-3820(01)00140-0

Cited by 595 publications

(300 citation statements)

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“…The first step is investigated by many researchers (e.g., Cao, et al, 2008;Nouri and Kaggerud, 2006;Repasky and Reader, 2004;Suehiro, et al, 2004;Wesenberg, 2006;Wilhelm, et al, 2001). The feedstock reacts with steam and oxygen to produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.…”

Section: Synthesis Gas Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation, integration, and economic analysis of gas-to-liquid processes

Bao

El‐Halwagi

Elbashir

2010

Fuel Processing Technology

158

103

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Simulation, Integration, and Economic Analysis of Gas-to-Liquid Processes. (December 2008) Buping Bao, B.S., Zhejiang University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi Gas-to-liquid (GTL) process involves the chemical conversion of natural gas (or other gas sources) into synthetic crude that can be upgraded and separated into different useful hydrocarbon fractions including liquid transportation fuels. A leading GTL technology is the Fischer Tropsch process. The objective of this work is to provide a techno-economic analysis of the GTL process and to identify optimization and integration opportunities for cost saving and reduction of energy usage and environmental impact. First, a basecase flowsheet is synthesized to include the key processing steps of the plant. Then, computer-aided process simulation is carried out to determine the key mass and energy flows, performance criteria, and equipment specifications. Next, energy and mass integration studies are performed to address the following items: (a) heating and cooling utilities, (b) combined heat and power (process cogeneration), (c) management of process water, (c) optimization of tail-gas allocation, and (d) recovery of catalystsupporting hydrocarbon solvents. Finally, an economic analysis is undertaken to determine the plant capacity needed to achieve the break-even point and to estimate the return on investment for the base-case study. After integration, 884 million $/yr is saved from heat integration, 246 million $/yr from heat cogeneration, and 22 million $/yr from water management. Based on 128,000 barrels per day (BPD) of products, at least 68,000 BPD capacity is needed to keep the process profitable, with the return on investment (ROI) of 5.1%. Compared to 8 $/1000 SCF natural gas, 5 $/1000 SCF price can increase the ROI to 16.2%.

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Section: Synthesis Gas Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation, integration, and economic analysis of gas-to-liquid processes

Bao

El‐Halwagi

Elbashir

2010

Fuel Processing Technology

158

103

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“…3 Well-to-tank life cycle energy demand for the production of CTL and GTL fuels; we identify here the component processes and their respective energy demands process of the steam methane reforming (SMR). There, a highly active catalyst is essential; however, the mass and heat transfer of the process itself are highly significant components of the resulting energy balance and resulting CO 2 emissions [15,37,59,[61][62][63][64]. Notwithstanding these major issues, SMR has been extensively used in the chemical and energy industries for several decades now, even though the responsible catalyst active site is routinely less than 10 %.…”

Section: The Catalyst Sensitivity Index: a Comparison Of Fluid Catalymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of this continued, substantial impact throughout the global economy and critical issues of environmental sustainability, catalysis remains at the forefront of modern multidisciplinary research and development in chemistry [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. New and improved catalytic materials and processes are continually being developed to achieve more rapid catalytic reaction rates (increased Turnover Frequencies) using milder, less energy-intensive reaction conditions, and enhanced selectivity to produce the desired, targeted reaction products with minimal product waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New and improved catalytic materials and processes are continually being developed to achieve more rapid catalytic reaction rates (increased Turnover Frequencies) using milder, less energy-intensive reaction conditions, and enhanced selectivity to produce the desired, targeted reaction products with minimal product waste. With the advent of Green Chemistry and green, sustainable processes in the chemical and energy industries, catalysis has been listed as one of the main guiding principles for future chemistry directions [13][14][15][16]. To begin to quantify the environmental impact of any chemical process, Green Chemistry metrics have been advanced to assess the environmental impact of the manufacture of chemicals in terms of solvent waste and chemical efficiency protocols [7,13,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Catalyst Selectivity Index (CSI): A Framework and Metric to Assess the Impact of Catalyst Efficiency Enhancements upon Energy and CO2 Footprints

et al. 2015

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Heterogeneous catalysts are not only a venerable part of our chemical and industrial heritage, but they also occupy a pivotal, central role in the advancement of modern chemistry, chemical processes and chemical technologies. The broad field of catalysis has also emerged as a critical, enabling science and technology in the modern development of ''Green Chemistry'', with the avowed aim of achieving green and sustainable processes. Thus a widely utilized metric, the environmental E factor-characterizing the waste-to-product ratio for a chemical industrial processpermits one to assess the potential deleterious environmental impact of an entire chemical process in terms of excessive solvent usage. As the many (and entirely reasonable) societal pressures grow, requiring chemists and chemical engineers not only to develop manufacturing processes using new sources of energy, but also to decrease the energy/carbon footprint of existing chemical processes, these issues become ever more pressing. On that road to a green and more sustainable future for chemistry and energy, we note that, as far as we are aware, little effort has been directed towards a direct evaluation of the quantitative impacts that advances or improvements in a catalyst's performance or efficiency would have on the overall energy or carbon (CO 2 ) footprint balance and corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of chemical processes and manufacturing technologies. Therefore, this present research was motivated by the premise that the sustainability impact of advances in catalysis science and technology, especially heterogeneous catalysis-the core of large-scale manufacturing processes-must move from a qualitative to a more quantitative form of assessment. This, then, is the exciting challenge of developing a new paradigm for catalysis science which embodies-in a truly quantitative form-its impact on sustainability in chemical, industrial processes. Towards that goal, we present here the concept, definition, design and development of what we term the Catalyst Sensitivity Index (CSI) to provide a measurable index as to how efficiency or performance enhancements of a heterogeneous catalyst will directly impact upon the fossil energy consumption and GHG emissions balance across several prototypical fuel production and conversion technologies, e.g. hydrocarbon fuels synthesized using algae-tobiodiesel, algae-to-jet biofuel, coal-to-liquid and gas-to-liquid processes, together with fuel upgrading processes using fluidized catalytic cracking of heavy oil, hydrocracking of heavy oil and also the production of hydrogen from steam methane reforming. Traditionally, the performance of a catalyst is defined by a combination of its activity or efficiency (its turnover frequency), its selectivity and stability (its turnover number), all of which are direct manifestations of the intrinsic physicochemical properties of the heterogeneous catalyst itself under specific working conditions. We will, of course, retain these definitions of the catalytic process, ...

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“…Synthesis gas (H 2 and CO) production is of great interest because it can be used as starting feed to generate synthetic chemicals and liquid fuels [6,7]. There are several technologies available for synthesis gas production through CH 4 rich gas, namely, steam or wet reforming, CO 2 or dry reforming, and partial oxidation reforming, shown in eqs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%