Synopsis on the Linkage of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease with Chronic Diseases

Abstract

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, which ultimately leads to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Even after the recent significant advances in neurobiology, the above-mentioned disorders continue to haunt the global population. Several studies have suggested the role of specific environmental and genetic risk factors associated with these disorders. However, the exact mechanism associated with the progression of these disorders still needs to be elucidated. In the recent years, sophisticated research has revealed interesting association of prominent neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and PD with chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Several common molecular mechanisms such as generation of free radicals, oxidative DNA damage, aberrations in mitochondrial DNA, and dysregulation of apoptosis have been highlighted as possible points of connection. The present review summarizes the possible mechanism of coexistence of AD and PD with other chronic diseases.

The vicious circle of hypometabolism in neurodegenerative diseases: Ways and mechanisms of metabolic correction

“…Major preconditioning risk factors such as cardiovascular dysfunction, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, traumatic brain injury, and stroke are shared by the sporadic AD (Biessels and Reagan, 2015;Chakrabarti et al, 2015;de la Torre, 2012;Patterson et al, 2007) and PD (Athauda and Foltynie 2016;Daneshvar et al, 2015;Jabir et al, 2015;Jha et al, 2016;Santiago and Potashkin, 2013;Santiago and Potashkin, 2014), in addition to being associated with AE (Chou et al, 2016;Kalra et al, 2016;Ono and Galanopoulou, 2012;Pitkanen et al, 2015;Verrotti et al, 2012;Waldbaum and Patel, 2010b). These factors are characterized by common brain pathologies such as chronic hypoperfusion (Scholz and Hanefeld, 2016;Zlokovic, 2011), neuro-inflammation, and insulin resistance (Rosales-Corral et al, 2015;Straub 2014;Yamagata et al, 2017), all leading to energy deficiency and oxidative stress.…”

Targeting Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Adult Neurogenesis

“…Neurodegenerative disease is accompanied with the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, which is associated with brain networks and chronic disease . In recent decades, it is widely accepted that alterations in neurogenesis are closely associated with monogenic and sporadic neurodegenerative diseases.…”

Development of early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: Illusion or reality?

“…They appear after a "threshold" degradation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system at a loss of 70% dopamine in the striatum and 50-60% dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra ( Figure 1A). 5,8,22,31 Second, neurodegeneration, which is usually caused by oxidative stress due to mitochondria pathology 6,15,32 is not limited to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. It extends to other central and peripheral neurons.…”