Synovial Fluid Analysis of the Horse

Wood, Richard D.; Koenig, Judith B.

doi:10.1002/9781119380559.ch55

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The findings of the diagnostic tests were recorded when performed and included: radiographic findings (no changes, changes unrelated to the presenting complaint, changes associated with a SI of the structure; for example, gas opacity proximal in the synovial structure, osteomyelitis, osteitis), ultrasonographic findings (no changes, changes unrelated to the presenting complaint, changes highly suspicious of penetration of a synovial structure; for example, communication with the wound, air visible within the synovial structure, hyperechogenicity of the synovial fluid), a pressure test of an adjacent synovial structure (not performed, negative, positive) and whether or not synoviocentesis was performed in one or more synovial structures, as well as synoviocentesis results based on cytology (normal, inflammatory, septic, questionable results). In addition, the cytology results of a synovial fluid analysis were recorded and comprised synovial total protein (TP; g/L), synovial total white blood cell count (WBC; <1.0 × 10 9 , 1.0–30.0 × 10 9 , >30.0 × 10 9 cells/L), and neutrophil percentage (%) [ 23 ]. Measurements of blood serum amyloid A (SAA; mg/L) were also recorded and the most common measurement interval was every 48 h during the first seven to ten days of hospitalization.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Descriptive Study of the Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcome of Horses with Acute Soft Tissue Trauma of the Tarsus and the Association with Synovial Involvement

Vajs

Nekouei

Biermann

2022

Animals

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The tarsus is one of the most common areas of traumatic injury with associated synovial involvement (SI) in horses. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, management (emphasizing the type, duration, and route of antimicrobial administration), and outcome of cases with acute soft tissue trauma to the tarsal region. The presenting clinical features, the results of diagnostic modalities, and the initial response to therapy were assessed for their usefulness to predict SI. Medical records of 72 cases were included and SI was diagnosed in 34 cases (47.2%). Increased synovial effusion, lameness on admission (OR = 4.1; 95%CI 1.0–16.4), persistent lameness (OR = 5.7; 95%CI 1.8–17.9), increased blood SAA values (≥200 mg/L) from initial to second measurement (OR = 4.3; 95%CI 1.2–15.5), and wound location on the plantar/plantarolateral/plantaromedial compared to the lateral aspect of the tarsus (OR = 7.0; 95%CI 1.6–30.9) were associated with SI. Radiographs, ultrasonography, and the use of pressure testing when a wound was present proved to be useful in correctly diagnosing SI. The median duration of systemic antimicrobial administration was 8 (IQR: 5 to 9) days and most horses received local antimicrobial therapy. This study highlights several relevant clinical features and their association with SI and emphasizes the usefulness of local antimicrobial therapy in these cases.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Descriptive Study of the Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcome of Horses with Acute Soft Tissue Trauma of the Tarsus and the Association with Synovial Involvement

Vajs

Nekouei

Biermann

2022

Animals

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“…Normale synoviale Flüssigkeit enthält eine TP-Konzentration < 2,5 g/dl und erreicht bei Infektionen Werte > 4 g/dl. Der TNCC sollte in einem gesunden Gelenk < 1,35 × 10 9 /l liegen, bei einer Infektion erreicht der Wert > 30 × 10 9 /l, häufiger sogar > 100 × 10 9 /l 3 , 18 . In einem gesunden Gelenk machen neutrophile Granulozyten etwa 10% des TNCC aus, wobei die mononukleären Zellen überwiegen.…”

Section: Diagnostikunclassified

“…Einzelfallberichte über Gelenkinfektionen mit Aspergillus existieren [15], wie auch über septische Arthritis und Osteomyelitis durch Candida spezies oder Scedosporium prolificans [16,17]. In diesen Fällen waren die Bakterienkulturen negativ, die Pilzkulturen positiv [18]. Diese Infektionen sind sehr selten, treten aber bei infektiöser Arthritis und begleitender Osteomyelitis, insbesondere nach der Injektion von Kortikosteroiden auf und sollten als mögliche Differenzialdiagnose in Betracht gezogen werden [15].…”

Section: Bei Gelenkinfektionen Häufig Vorkommende Erregerunclassified

“…Der physiologische pH-Wert liegt nahe dem des Serums (7,30 ± 0,06) und sinkt bei Infektionen auf 6,9 oder weniger herab. Auch ein aseptisches Gelenk nach Arthrozentese kann TNCC-Werte von bis zu 14 × 10 9 /l [3] und einen TP-Wert von 3,5 g/dl erreichen, was eine normale Reaktion darstellt [18]. Bei einem Joint Flare dagegen können TNCC-Werte bis zu 30 × 10 9 /l gemessen werden, wobei die neutrophilen Granulozyten 70 % des Zellbilds ausmachen.…”

Section: Bei Gelenkinfektionen Häufig Vorkommende Erregerunclassified

“…Außerdem ist sie insgesamt reichlicher vorhanden[2].MerkeEssenziell für Diagnose und Differenzialdiagnose von septischen Arthritiden sind die Messung der Leukozytenzahl und der Gesamteiweißkonzentration in der Synovia.Die wichtigsten labordiagnostischen Parameter bei der Untersuchung von Synovia sind ▪ Gesamtprotein (TP) ▪ Gesamtzahl der kernhaltigen Zellen (TNCC) ▪ Leukozytenzahl (WBC) ▪ Anzahl der neutrophilen Granulozyten Normale synoviale Flüssigkeit enthält eine TP-Konzentration < 2,5 g/dl und erreicht bei Infektionen Werte > 4 g/ dl. Der TNCC sollte in einem gesunden Gelenk < 1,35 × 10 9 /l liegen, bei einer Infektion erreicht der Wert > 30 × 10 9 /l, häufiger sogar > 100 × 10 9 /l[3,18]. In einem gesunden Gelenk machen neutrophile Granulozyten etwa 10 % des TNCC aus, wobei die mononukleären Zellen überwiegen.…”

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Septische Arthritis – ein Albtraum für Tierärzte und Pferdebesitzer

Strzelecka¹

2023

pferde spiegel

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Effect of dipotassium‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or lithium‐heparin treatments and storage times on selected clinicopathologic analytes in equine synovial fluid

Okolo,

Emejuo,

Udeagbala

et al. 2023

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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BackgroundSample processing methods and storage time affect the outcome of biochemical analysis.ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the effects of dipotassium‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K2‐EDTA) and lithium‐heparin treatments and storage times on selected analytes in equine synovial fluid (SF).MethodsApproximately 2 mL of SF from each horse (n = 7) were collected via femoropatellar joint arthrocentesis into K2‐EDTA‐treated bottles (K2‐EDTA group), lithium‐heparin‐treated bottles (heparin group), and plain bottles (control group). The pH was determined using an electronic bench pH meter. The total nucleated cell count (TNCC) of samples was determined by hemocytometer method, while total protein (TP) concentrations, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of the samples were determined spectrophotometrically at 2, 8, 24, 48, and 168 hours postcollection while being maintained at approximately 4°C.ResultsTP concentrations in the anticoagulant‐treated groups remained stable for 48 hours. TNCCs were stable for 8 hours. However, after 2 hours, ALP, LDH, and pH varied significantly (P < 0.05). At 2 hours, mean ALP and LDH activities were significantly elevated in the lithium‐heparin treatment samples, while the activity of these analytes was similar in the K2‐EDTA and control groups. At 8 hours, the TNCC and pH were significantly elevated in K2‐EDTA treated groups, while values were similar in lithium‐heparin and control groups. No significant variation was seen in TP values at 2 hours, irrespective of treatment.ConclusionsThe analytes—except for TP—became unstable within a few hours postcollection. Lithium‐heparin and K2‐EDTA treatments significantly altered ALP, LDH, TNCCs, and pH but not the TP concentrations of equine SF. Studies establishing reference intervals for these analytes based on the anticoagulant used are warranted to limit misinterpretations in clinical or research settings.

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Synovial Fluid Analysis of the Horse

Cited by 3 publications

References 50 publications

A Descriptive Study of the Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcome of Horses with Acute Soft Tissue Trauma of the Tarsus and the Association with Synovial Involvement

A Descriptive Study of the Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcome of Horses with Acute Soft Tissue Trauma of the Tarsus and the Association with Synovial Involvement

Septische Arthritis – ein Albtraum für Tierärzte und Pferdebesitzer

Effect of dipotassium‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or lithium‐heparin treatments and storage times on selected clinicopathologic analytes in equine synovial fluid

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