Syntactic variation in ‘need’-constructions in Estonian dialects

Lindström, Liina; Uiboaed, Kristel

doi:10.1017/s0332586517000191

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…These methods have also been successfully used in other studies of Estonian and dialect syntax (see e.g. Klavan, Pilvik & Uiboaed 2015, Reile 2015, Ruutma et al 2016, Lindström & Uiboaed 2017, Taremaa 2017, Lindström, Pilvik & Plado 2018, Pook 2019, see also Basile & Ivaska 2021, Klavan 2021, and Hint et al 2021.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Object case variation of the pronoun mis ‘what’ in spontaneous spoken Estonian and Estonian dialects

Pook

2021

ESUKA-JEFUL

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Abstract. The Estonian language makes a systematic distinction between total and partial objects on the basis of semantic and syntactic features: total objects occur in nominative or genitive, partial objects in partitive. However, in the case of the interrogative-relative pronoun mis ‘what’, the partitive mida in the expected partial object position can be replaced with the nominative mis. The aim of this paper is to determine which variables significantly affect this object case variation, how the variation differs between contemporary speech and archaic dialects and what might have possibly motivated the development of this variation. This study is based on the data in the Phonetic Corpus of Estonian Spontaneous Speech and the Corpus of Estonian Dialects. The results show that the variation is most affected by verb type, clause type, length of the following word and dialect. It is concluded that there might be multiple motivations behind this variation, mainly language contact (or a lack of it in certain areas), high usage frequency of the pronoun mis and the effect of the standardisation of language. Kokkuvõte. Hanna Pook: Pronoomeni mis käände varieerumine objekti positsioonis spontaanses eesti keeles ja eesti murretes. Eesti keeles eristatakse täis- ja osasihitist mitmete semantiliste ja süntaktilise tunnuste põhjal; täissihitis on nominatiivis või genitiivis, osasihitis partitiivis. Relatiiv-interrogatiivpronoomeni mis puhul võib aga oodatud osasihitise positsioonis asendada partitiivi mida nominatiiviga mis. Selle artikli eesmärk on välja selgitada, millised tunnused mõjutavad oluliselt pronoomeni mis objekti käände varieerumist, kuidas see varieerumine erineb vanemates kohamurretes ja tänapäevases spontaanses kõnes ning mis on selle varieerumise võimalikud põhjused ja mõjurid. Analüüs põhineb eesti keele spontaanse kõne foneetilisel korpusel ja eesti murrete korpusel. Tulemused näitavad, et mis ja mida varieerumist osaobjekti positsioonis mõjutavad kõige enam verbitüüp, lausetüüp, järgneva sõna silpide arv ja murre. On tõenäoline, et pronoomeni mis käände varieerumine on korraga olnud mõjutatud mitmest tegurist, peamiselt keelekontaktidest (või kontaktivähesusest teatud piirkondades), pronoomeni mis suurest kasutussagedusest ja keele standardiseerimisest.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Object case variation of the pronoun mis ‘what’ in spontaneous spoken Estonian and Estonian dialects

Pook

2021

ESUKA-JEFUL

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“…The most significant differences in phonology, morphology, and lexis can be found between the southern and northern dialects, since South Estonian diverged from Proto-Finnic before other Finnic languages (Sammallahti 1977;Viitso 1985;Kallio 2012). However, recent dialect studies have found that on a (morpho) syntactic level, the biggest differences are between the eastern and western dialects instead, with the Coastal and Mulgi dialects fitting in with either group depending on the phenomenon studied (Lindström et al 2009;Uiboaed 2013;Uiboaed et al 2013;Lindström, Uiboaed & Vihman 2014;Lindström et al 2015;Ruutma et al 2016;Lindström & Uiboaed 2017;Lindström, Pilvik & Plado 2018;Pook 2021).…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…g Uiboaed 2013;Ruutma et al 2016;Lindström & Uiboaed 2017;Taremaa 2017;Lindström, Pilvik & Plado 2018;Pook 2019;Hint et al 2021;Lindström, Pilvik & Plado 2021;Pook 2021…”

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The use of the indefinite pronoun keegi ‘someone’ in Estonian dialects

Pook

Lindström²

2022

Nord J Linguist

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The Estonian indefinite pronouns keegi ‘someone’ and miski ‘something’ are distinguished by being able to refer to animate or inanimate entities, respectively. However, in certain Estonian dialects, keegi is used to refer to inanimate entities as well. The aim of this paper is to describe the functions and use of keegi based on the data in the Corpus of Estonian Dialects. We used statistical analyses to determine which dialects typically use keegi to refer to inanimate entities and which variables (polarity, function, position in the clause, case marking) contribute most to this variation. The results show that there are significant differences between the dialects: keegi is mostly used to refer to inanimate entities in the northern dialects (most frequently in the Western, Mid, and Eastern dialects), but this phenomenon is rare or non-existent in the southern dialects. All of the variables studied contribute to this variation: keegi is most likely to refer to an inanimate being when it is in the partitive case, functions as an object, a partitive subject, or a negative polarity item, and is positioned at the end of a negative clause.

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“…To date, the only more or less detailed analysis of the distribution of the verb vajadzēt has been provided in Kalnača, Lokmane (2012a) and Kalnača (2013a). Some syntactic constructions of the verb vajadzēt have also been discussed as part of Estonian language contact studies (e.g., Lindström, Uiboaed & Vihman 2014, Lindström & Uiboaed 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The verb vajadzēt ‘to need, must’ in Latvian: its Livonian origins, modal and distributional features

Kalnača

Lokmane²

2022

ESUKA-JEFUL

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The focus of this study is on the Latvian modal verb vajadzēt ‘to need, must’ derived from the noun vajaga ‘need, necessity’ believed to be a borrowing from Livonian vajag, vajāg ‘need, necessary’. The objective of this study is to provide a full, comprehensive description of the grammatical forms and distribution of the verb vajadzēt, and an analysis of its modal and evidential semantics. This is essential, first and foremost, for contrastive language studies (vis-à-vis Livonian and Estonian counterparts of the verb vajadzēt) and will help to lay the necessary foundation for further research on modal verbs and their associated syntactic constructions in Latvian (Baltic) and Finnic language contacts. The verb vajadzēt is part of a larger system of Latvian impersonal modal verbs taking a dative experiencer/agent/possessor; it is also, by virtue of its semantics and functions, one of the primary lexical means for expressing deontic modality in contemporary Latvian. This study takes a closer look at the distribution, semantics of the verb and its syntactic constructions, which are clearly related to the expression of deontic, sometimes also epistemic, and evidential meanings. In addition, the study provides an overview of the grammatical forms of the verb vajadzēt and its parallel uses with the debitive mood. Kokkuvõte. Andra Kalnača, Ilze Lokmane: Läti verb vajadzēt ‘vajama, pidama’: selle liivi juured ning modaalsuse ja distributsiooni eripärad. Selle uurimuse keskmes on läti modaalverb vajadzēt ‘vajama, pidama’, mis on tuletatud nimisõnast vajaga ‘vajadus, tarvidus’, mida omakorda peetakse laenuks liivikeelsest sõnast vajag, vajāg ‘vajadus, vajalik’. Uurimuse eesmärk on anda kõikehõlmav ülevaade verbi vajadzēt grammatilistest vormidest ja distributsioonist ning analüüsida selle modaalset ja evidentsiaalset semantikat. See on oluline eelkõige kontrastiivse keeleuurimise jaoks (verbi vajadzēt võrdlemisel liivi ja eesti vastetega) ning aitab luua vajaliku aluse modaalverbide ja nendega seotud süntaktiliste konstruktsioonide edasiseks uurimiseks seoses läti (balti) ja läänemeresoome keelekontaktidega. Verb vajadzēt on osa suuremast läti üldisikuliste modaalverbide süsteemist, kus kogeja/agent/valdaja ühildub daativis; samuti on see oma semantika ja funktsioonide tõttu üks peamisi leksikaalseid vahendeid deontilise modaalsuse väljendamiseks tänapäeva läti keeles. Käesolevas uurimuses vaadeldakse lähemalt verbi distributsiooni, semantikat ja selle süntaktilisi konstruktsioone, mis on selgelt seotud deontiliste, mõnikord ka episteemiliste ja evidentsiaalsete tähenduste väljendamisega. Lisaks antakse uurimuses ülevaade verbi vajadzēt grammatilistest vormidest ja selle paralleelsest kasutusest debitiiviga. Kubbõvõttõks. Andra Kalnača, Ilze Lokmane: Lețkīel verb vajadzēt: sīe līvõd jūrd, modalitāt ja distribūtsij eņtšsuglit. Sīe tuņšlimiz sidāms um lețkīel modāli verb vajadzēt ‘um vajāg’, mis alīzõks um nimsõnā vajaga ‘vajāgõm’, mis tegīž um täpīņtõd līvõ kīel sõnāst vajāg. Tuņšlimiz merk um tǟmikšõ iļvaņtlõks iļ verb vajadzēt formõd ja distribūtsij, ja tuņšlõ sīe modāliz ja evidentsiāliz semantik. Se um tǟdzi amā jeds kontrastīviz kīel tuņšlimiz pierāst (ītlõs verb vajadzēt līvõ ja ēsti kīelkõks) ja äbțõb lūodõ tārpaliz alīz modālizt verbõd ja näntkõks sidtõd sintaks konstruktsijd jeddõpēḑiz tuņšlimiz pierāst lețkīel (baltõd) ja vāldamiersūomõ kīeld kontaktõd kontekstõs. Verb vajadzēt um ikš jag jo sūrst lețkīel modālizt verbõd sistēmst; nei īž eņtš semantik ja funktsijd pūolst tämpizõs lețkīels se um ikš tǟdzi leksikāli vaindõks deontiliz modalitāt nägțimiz pierāst. Sīes tuņšlimizõs jo ležgõld sōbõd vaņtõltõd verb distribūtsij, semantika ja sīe sintaks konstruktsijd, mis ātõ sieldist sidtõd deontiliz, vaišti ka epistēmliz ja evidentsiāliz tǟntõks nägțimizõks. Nei iž tuņšlimi tǟmikšõb iļvaņtlõks iļ verb vajadzēt formõd ja sīe paralēliz kȭlbatimiz īdskubs debitīvõks.

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Syntactic variation in ‘need’-constructions in Estonian dialects

Cited by 6 publications

References 46 publications

Object case variation of the pronoun mis ‘what’ in spontaneous spoken Estonian and Estonian dialects

Object case variation of the pronoun mis ‘what’ in spontaneous spoken Estonian and Estonian dialects

The use of the indefinite pronoun keegi ‘someone’ in Estonian dialects

The verb vajadzēt ‘to need, must’ in Latvian: its Livonian origins, modal and distributional features

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