“…2 However, such biomass-derived fuels are currently incompatible with existing distribution infrastructure and vehicle engines, and require catalytic upgrading to improve their physicochemical properties prior to implementation. 3,4 Bio-oil production by fast pyrolysis 5,6 , hydrothermal liquefaction, 7,8 or gasification 9 and subsequent Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, 10,11 are the main thermochemical technologies to convert lignocellulosic biomass into liquid hydrocarbons. Fast pyrolysis bio-oils are complex mixtures of oxygenated compounds comprising phenolics, furanics, carboxylic acids and other small oxygenates, the composition of which depends on biomass source and processing conditions.…”