Syntheses, kinetics, and mechanism of ligand substitution reactions of 17-electron cyclopentadienyl and pentadienyl vanadium carbonyl complexes

Kowaleski, Ruth M.; Basolo, Fred; Trogler, William C.; Gedridge, Robert W.; Newbound, T. D.; Ernst, Richard D.

doi:10.1021/ja00250a018

Cited by 44 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Diphenylphosphinic acid and [Fc][PF 6 ] were purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification. Vanadocene (purified by sublimation), Cp 2 VMe, and [PPN] 2 [P 4 O 12 H 2 ] were prepared according to literature procedures. Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were recorded at the University of California, Berkeley, using a PerkinElmer 2400 Series II combustion analyzer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Analyses of Vanadocene Tetrametaphosphate and Phosphinate Derivatives

et al. 2018

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+ = ferrocenium). Electrochemical analysis of this reaction revealed a possible ECE mechanism that includes prior and subsequent electron transfer to this dimerization. The electronic structure of the dimer 4 was probed by SQUID magnetommetry and X-band EPR spectroscopy (100 K and 4 K). The dimer was found to contain two antiferromagnetically coupled V IV centers, as well as a small portion of monomeric V IV species, 2 + . In contrast to 2, oxidation of 1 resulted in an EC mechanism, the product of which remains unknown. Preliminary reactions with compounds 1 and 2 bearing free P=O groups were performed using H-atom donors to test their ability to undergo H-atom transfer in the context of the proposed "reduction-coupled oxo activation" mechanism; however, no clear reaction pathway supporting this mechanism was yet observed.Considerable interest lies in the structure and bonding of vanadium phosphate complexes due to their varied applications, such as in size-selective inorganic hosts, ion exchangers, and magnetic systems.1-4 From the industrial perspective, DuPont's "butox" process utilizes a surface vanadium phosphate oxide (VPO) catalyst for the oxidative conversion of butane to maleic anhydride (MA) on a 500 kt scale (Scheme 1a). The commodity chemical is used as a resin, a food additive, an agricultural chemical, as well as in pharmaceuticals. 5 The conversion of butane to MA is considered one of the most complex in industry, involving the abstraction of 8 H-atoms and the insertion of 3 O-atoms, as part of an overall 14 e -process. As such, this process has been the subject of extensive mechanistic investigations over the decades, 5-9 and continues to be the subject of considerable interest today.10-14 However, in spite of these extensive studies, no consensus mechanism yet exists as to the exact steps of this transformation.Recent gas-phase studies by Schwarz and co-workers have described the ability of simple oxidized oxide clusters, such as [P4O10] •+ or [V4O10]•+ , to abstract a H atom from methane or other simple hydrocarbons, through an H-atom transfer (HAT) process. It was further found that the in situ-generated [P4O10] •+ was more reactive than the metallic analog, [V4O10] •+ . [15][16] The increased reactivity upon P-incorporation into the clusters was further demonstrated by comparison of the smaller oxide cations, [VPO4] •+ and [V2O4]•+ , wherein the former was more reactive towards HAT than the latter. These experimental conclusions were further supported by theoretical work by Goddard and coworkers who proposed that the terminal P=O linkages in VPO are responsible for C-H functionalization at butane (Scheme 1b-c). The mechanism, coined "reduction-coupled oxo activation" (ROA), occurs as a result of the strong basicity at the P=O bond coupled with the neighboring high-valent, oxidative V V centers which undergoes reduction, 10, 12 and is in many respects analogous to well-studied proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions common to both biological and artificial systems. [17][18]...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Analyses of Vanadocene Tetrametaphosphate and Phosphinate Derivatives

et al. 2018

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“…B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 was purchased from Boulder Scientific, sublimed under vacuum, treated with excess ClMe 2 SiH for 2 h and resublimed after removal of volatiles. Cp 2 V was prepared according to a literature procedure and purified through sublimation . [Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] was purchased from Strem Chemicals and used without further purification.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cp 2 V was prepared according to a literature procedure and purified through sublimation. 36 [Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] was purchased from Strem Chemicals and used without further purification. [Ag][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ], 30 Ph 2 P(O)OSiMe 3 , 17 and PhP(O)-(OSiMe 3 ) 2 19 were prepared according to literature procedures.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mono-, Di-, and Trivanadocene Phosphorus Oxide Series: Synthesis, Magnetism, and Chemical/Electrochemical Properties

2018

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In this Article, we outline the synthesis of B(CF)-coordinated mono-, di-, and trivanadocene phosphorus oxide complexes, CpVOP(OB(CF))Ph (2), (CpVO)P(OB(CF))Ph (3), and (CpVO)P(OB(CF)) (4), respectively (Cp = η-cyclopentadienyl). The complexes were synthesized from the known reagents, CpVF and PhP(O)OSiMe (for 2) or PhP(O)(OSiMe) (for 3) or (MeSiO)PO (for 4), via MeSiF elimination and in the presence of B(CF). The multimetallic complexes (3 and 4) could not be synthesized without the capping B(CF) Lewis acid, whereas the uncapped version of 2, CpVOP(O)Ph (1), has previously been reported by us. Spectroscopic and crystallographic analyses of 2-4 support an increasingly Lewis basic P═O bond upon substitution of -Ph for -OVCp fragments (2-4). The increased metal nuclearity also results in increasingly reducing complexes as evidenced by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Magnetic measurements (SQUID) further revealed high-spin complexes with negligible magnetic exchange between V centers. Chemical oxidation of 2 with 0.5 equiv of [Ag][B(CF)] resulted in a ligand rearrangement reaction producing the V product, CpV(OP(OB(CF))Ph) (7). In contrast, the oxidation of 4 with the trityl salt, [PhC][B(CF)], resulted in the isolation of a mixed-valent V/V dimetallic species, (CpVOP(OB(CF))OVCp (9). Both oxidations likely produce the [CpV][B(CF)] byproduct and evidence for its formation is presented. The synthesis and characterization of the mono- and dimetallic species, CpVOP(OBPh)Ph (8) and (CpVO)P(OB(CF))OSiMe (5), is also reported.

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“…This reaction is not in fact a classical ligand substitution since the bidentate carboxylate ligand remains on the complex but as a monodentate ligand (from j 2 to j 1 ). Reactivity of 17 electrons organometallic complex towards ligand substitution reaction is well-documented [15] and the associative and dissociative mechanisms for such exchanges are usually considered [16,17]. This cationic derivative 4 + oxidized 3 with regeneration of 3 + and formation of 4 (propagation step).…”

Section: Electrochemical Behaviour Of 3 In the Presence Of Isonitrilementioning

confidence: 99%

Electron-transfer-catalyzed ligand substitution of carboxylato niobocene complex induced by electrochemical oxidation

Salvi

Vallat

Cattey

et al. 2004

Journal of Organometallic Chemistry

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Syntheses, kinetics, and mechanism of ligand substitution reactions of 17-electron cyclopentadienyl and pentadienyl vanadium carbonyl complexes

Cited by 44 publications

References 12 publications

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Analyses of Vanadocene Tetrametaphosphate and Phosphinate Derivatives

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Analyses of Vanadocene Tetrametaphosphate and Phosphinate Derivatives

A Mono-, Di-, and Trivanadocene Phosphorus Oxide Series: Synthesis, Magnetism, and Chemical/Electrochemical Properties

Electron-transfer-catalyzed ligand substitution of carboxylato niobocene complex induced by electrochemical oxidation

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