Synthesis and Application of Phosphorus/Co₃O₄–CuO Hybrid as High-Performance Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The present study reports a novel red phosphorus (RP)/Co 3 O 4 –CuO hybrid as a high-performance anode material for lithium ion battery that was successfully synthesized by simple sol gel method and followed by facile ball milling of red phosphorus. Herein, we outstandingly improved practical application of RP anode (with its natural insulation property and rapid capacity decay in during the lithiation process) in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by confining nanosized amorphous RP into the Co 3 O 4 –CuO nanoparticle while RP can improve the electrochemical capacity returning and increased capacity of composite in high current density. This bonding can help maintain electrical contact, prevent to escape RP from the electrode and confirm the solid electrolyte interphase upon the large volume change of RP during cycling. As a result, by judicious usage of components in the RP/Co 3 O 4 –CuO hybrid nanostructured anode was achieved an initial Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% at a current density of 50 mA g –1 and an enhanced cycling stability (683.63 and 470.11 mAh g –1 after 60 cycles at a density of 0.1 and 1 A g 1– ) with interesting cycling capacity at high current density of 3 Ag 1– (333.81 mAh g –1 ). Moreover, the composite electrode can still deliver a specific capacity of about 97.4% of initial capacity after cycling at high rates and returning to the initial current density of 0.1 A g 1– .

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Metal Oxide Electrodes for Energy Applications

“…A variety of metal oxides have been studied as cathodes and anodes in rechargeable ion batteries used for electrochemical energy storage. ,,,,− EIS can be a useful technique for researching these materials by providing insight into the corrosion rate of the metal oxide electrode during multiple charge and discharge cycles (i.e., long-term cycling efficiency) and ion diffusion into the metal oxide. The most well-studied type of ion battery using EIS is the Li-ion battery ,,− ,− due to its commercialization in many portable electronics; however, other Na-ion ,,,,, and divalent ion batteries, particularly Zn-ion batteries, ,,− have also been investigated using this technique.…”

Fast Charging Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Current Status and Perspectives

“…Unfortunately, the low intrinsic conductivity (≈10 -14 S m -1 ) and large volume expansion (≈300%) during charging of red phosphorus causes slow electrochemical kinetics and inadequate cycle stability. [55,308] Black phosphorus possesses superior thermodynamic stability near purple phosphorus and has a relatively high conductivity (≈10 2 S m -1 ), which is considered as an ideal choice for fast charging anode materials. However, synthesis conditions of black phosphorus are exceedingly harsh, requiring high temperature and pressure in most cases, which limits the possibility of its large-scale application.…”

“Fast-Charging” Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries from Perspective of Ion Diffusion in Crystal Structure

“…Tragically, the undesirable electronic conductivity (≈10 –14 S m –1 ) and large volume change (about 300%) during charging significantly limit its electrochemical kinetics and cycling stability. In contrast, black phosphorus with high conductivity (≈10 2 S m –1 ) is recognized as an optimal alternative for “fast-charging” anode materials. , Nevertheless, black phosphorus is synthesized under extremely harsh conditions, necessitating extreme temperatures and pressures in most cases, which restricts its potential for mass application . The layer spacing of 5.2 Å facilitates the fast diffusion of Li + in the lattice compared to graphite and the Li + diffusion barrier reaches 0.08 eV .…”