Synthesis and Biological Activity of Vitamin D Conjugates

Nagubandi, Sreeramulu; Kumar, Rajiv

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2839-1_21

Vitamin D 1984

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2839-1_21

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Synthesis and Biological Activity of Vitamin D Conjugates

Sreeramulu Nagubandi¹,

Rajiv Kumar²

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Cited by 2 publications

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“…Sulfonation also has a significant role in the biotransformation of many endogenous low-molecular-weight compounds, including catecholamines (13), iodothyronines (14), and vitamin C (15). Likewise, sulfonation is an important modification of cholesterol (16) and its derivatives, bile acids (17), vitamin D (18,19), and steroids (20).…”

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confidence: 99%

Sulfonation and Molecular Action

2002

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The sulfonation of endogenous molecules is a pervasive biological phenomenon that is not always easily understood, and although it is increasingly recognized as a function of fundamental importance, there remain areas in which significant cognizance is still lacking or at most minimal. This is particularly true in the field of endocrinology, in which the sulfoconjugation of hormones is a widespread occurrence that is only partially, if at all, appreciated. In the realm of steroid/sterol sulfoconjugation, the discovery of a novel gene that utilizes an alternative exon 1 to encode for two sulfotransferase isoforms, one of which sulfonates cholesterol and the other pregnenolone, has been an important advance. This is significant because cholesterol sulfate plays a crucial role in physiological systems such as keratinocyte differentiation and development of the skin barrier, and pregnenolone sulfate is now acknowledged as an important neurosteroid. The sulfonation of thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones has been extensively investigated and, although this transformation is better understood, there remain areas of incomplete comprehension. The sulfonation of catecholamines is a prevalent modification that has been extensively studied but, unfortunately, remains poorly understood. The sulfonation of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, especially LH and TSH, does not affect binding to their cognate receptors; however, sulfonation does play an important role in their plasma clearance, which indirectly has a significant effect on biological activity. On the other hand, the sulfonation of distinct neuroendocrine peptides does have a profound influence on receptor binding and, thus, a direct effect on biological activity. The sulfonation of specific extracellular structures plays an essential role in the binding and signaling of a large family of extracellular growth factors. In summary, sulfonation is a ubiquitous posttranslational modification of hormones and extracellular components that can lead to dramatic structural changes in affected molecules, the biological significance of which is now beginning to be appreciated.

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Sulfonation and Molecular Action

2002

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“…Sulfonation has a significant role in the biotransformation of many endogenous low-molecular-weight compounds, including catecholamines (6), iodothyronines (7), and vitamin C (8). Likewise, sulfonation is an important modification of cholesterol (9) and its derivatives, bile acids (10), vitamin D (11,12), and steroids (13).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cholesterol sulfate in human physiology: what's it all about?

Strott

Higashi

2003

Journal of Lipid Research

207

184

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Cholesterol sulfate is quantitatively the most important known sterol sulfate in human plasma, where it is present in a concentration that overlaps that of the other abundant circulating steroid sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate. Although these sulfolipids have similar production and metabolic clearance rates, they arise from distinct sources and are metabolized by different pathways. While the function of DHEA sulfate remains an enigma, cholesterol sulfate has emerged as an important regulatory molecule. Cholesterol sulfate is a component of cell membranes where it has a stabilizing role, e.g., protecting erythrocytes from osmotic lysis and regulating sperm capacitation. It is present in platelet membranes where it supports platelet adhesion. Cholesterol sulfate can regulate the activity of serine proteases, e.g., those involved in blood clotting, fibrinolysis, and epidermal cell adhesion. As a result of its ability to regulate the activity of selective protein kinase C isoforms and modulate the specificity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, cholesterol sulfate is involved in signal transduction. Cholesterol sulfate functions in keratinocyte differentiation, inducing genes that encode for key components involved in development of the barrier. The accumulating evidence demonstrating a regulatory function for cholesterol sulfate appears solid; the challenge now is to work out the molecular mechanisms whereby this interesting molecule carries out its various roles. -Strott, C. A., and Y. Higashi. Cholesterol sulfate in human physiology: what's it all about? J.

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Synthesis and Biological Activity of Vitamin D Conjugates

Cited by 2 publications

References 23 publications

Sulfonation and Molecular Action

Sulfonation and Molecular Action

Cholesterol sulfate in human physiology: what's it all about?

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