Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Zirconium Nanoparticles: Advanced Leaps and Bounds in the Recent Past

Abstract

Many synthetic routes manufacture zirconium nanoparticles in metal oxide, nitride, and other combination forms. Coupled with other variables such as concentration, pH, and form of precursor used, the various synthetic methods support synthesizing the zirconium metal oxide nanoparticles with changed features. Various synthetic methods were studied, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, laser ablation, and precipitation. All have different synthetic routes, different precursors and solvents were sued, and the product was characterized by SEM, TEM, photo luminance spectroscopy, UV-absorption spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction determined the crystal structure by identifying the crystal shape, arrangement of atoms, and spacing between them. SEM and TEM studied the particle size and morphology of nanoparticles. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and PL spectroscopy were used for the determination of optical properties of nanoparticles. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles have many applications in the medical field. The review study primarily focuses on the efficient combination of zirconium dioxide with other additive materials and functionalization techniques used to improve the material’s properties, assisting the use of the material in hip arthroplasty and bone tissue applications. The development of sophisticated near-infrared (NIR) absorbing small molecules for useful phototheranostic applications was discussed in this paper.

Present and Future of ZrO2 Nanostructure as Reservoir for Drug Loading and Release

“…ZrO 2 nanostructures have been widely investigated for their biocompatibility and potential use in biomedical applications [23,67]. Studies have demonstrated that ZrO 2 nanostructures exhibit low cytotoxicity, making them suitable for use in biomedical applications [102,109].…”

“…Zirconia (ZrO 2 ) is a versatile material that has found numerous applications in various fields, including drug delivery, due to its physicochemical properties [65]. ZrO 2 nanostructures can be produced by several techniques, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, and microwave-assisted synthesis [66][67][68][69][70][71] (Figure 2).…”

“…Zirconia (ZrO2) is a versatile material that has found numerous applications in various fields, including drug delivery, due to its physicochemical properties [65]. ZrO2 nanostructures can be produced by several techniques, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, and microwave-assisted synthesis [66][67][68][69][70][71] (Figure 2). Sol-gel synthesis is a simple and versatile method that involves the hydrolysis of metal alkoxide precursors, followed by the condensation of the hydrolyzed species to form a colloidal suspension.…”

Advances of plant and biomass extracted zirconium nanoparticles in dental implant application

“…Due to its many advantages, including its outstanding fracture toughness, high tensile strength, and hardness, zirconium nanoparticles have been employed in various syntheses. Five distinct isotopes of zirconium may exist naturally; out of those five, 90Zr is the most prevalent by a large margin (nearly 51.4%) [ 95 ].…”

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Spike‐Shaped Zirconia Nanoparticles by Simple Co‐Precipitation Method for Supercapacitor Application

“…[8] Other techniques such as Solgel often suffer from shortcomings such as shrinkage during gelation followed by subsequent drying process, prolonged sintering time with undesirable organic contaminants. [10,11] Similarly, hydrothermal synthesis is another popular technique performed at high pressure and moderate temperature, [12] but low product yield is the major concern despite their high purity. Hence, herein we adopted the coprecipitation method for Zirconia nanoparticle synthesis.…”