Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Biomaterial for the Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Sculptures

Liu, Qiang; Zhang, Bing Jian

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.317

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…HAP has been tested so far on several porous substrates (such as limestones and sandstones with different composition and microstructure), demonstrating a significant consolidating efficacy [30][31][32][33][34][35]. HAP has also been tested as a surface protecting treatment for marble against corrosion in rain, and promising results have been obtained so far [36][37][38].…”

Section: Research Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugaring marble in the Monumental Cemetery in Bologna (Italy): characterization of naturally and artificially weathered samples and first results of consolidation by hydroxyapatite

Sassoni

Franzoni

2014

Appl. Phys. A

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The so-called sugaring of marble is a very common degradation phenomenon, affecting both historical monuments and modern buildings, which is originated by environmental temperature fluctuations. Thermal cycles are indeed responsible for micro-cracks formation at the boundaries between calcite grains, so that marble is subjected to granular disintegration and can be reduced to a sugar-like powder of isolated calcite grains by just the pressure of a finger. Since no effective, compatible and durable treatment for sugaring marble consolidation is currently available, in this paper a novel consolidating treatment recently proposed for limestone, based on the formation of hydroxyapatite inside the stone, was investigated for weathered marble. To test the new treatment on suitably decayed marble samples, some naturally sugaring marbles from the Monumental Cemetery in Bologna (Italy, nineteenth century) were firstly characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurement. Then, artificially weathered samples were produced by heating fresh Carrara marble samples at 400°C for 1 h. The effects of artificial weathering were characterized using the same techniques as above, and a very good agreement was found between microstructure and mechanical features of naturally and artificially weathered samples. Then, the hydroxyapatite-based treatment was tested on the so-obtained artificially weathered samples, and the treatment effects were characterized by UPV, MIP and SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydroxyapatite-based treatment exhibited a remarkable ability of restoring marble cohesion and a good compatibility in terms of modifications in pore size distribution, which leads to regard this treatment as a very promising consolidant for weathered marble.

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Section: Research Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugaring marble in the Monumental Cemetery in Bologna (Italy): characterization of naturally and artificially weathered samples and first results of consolidation by hydroxyapatite

Sassoni

Franzoni

2014

Appl. Phys. A

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“…Some “biomimetic” or “metasomatic” methods to form HAP over marble surface have been explored as well. The use of a solution of collagen (C 12 H 18 O 4 N 3 ) followed by application of a 10 mM CaCl 2 + 6 mM DAP solution (the Ca/P ratio corresponding to that of HAP) was investigated, with the expectation that HAP would grow within the collagen network [ 58 ]. The resulting HAP coating was reportedly porous and net-like [ 58 ].…”

Section: Definition Of the Treatment Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxyapatite and Other Calcium Phosphates for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: A Review

Sassoni

2018

Materials

106

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The present paper reviews the methods and the performance of in situ formation of calcium phosphates (CaP) for the conservation of materials belonging to cultural heritage. The core idea is to form CaP (ideally hydroxyapatite, HAP, the most stable CaP at pH > 4) by reaction between the substrate and an aqueous solution of a phosphate salt. Initially proposed for the conservation of marble and limestone, the treatment has been explored for a variety of different substrates, including sandstones, sulphated stones, gypsum stuccoes, concrete, wall paintings, archaeological bones and paper. First, the studies aimed at identifying the best treatment conditions (e.g., nature and concentration of the phosphate precursor, solution pH, treatment duration, ionic and organic additions to the phosphate solution, mineralogical composition of the new CaP phases) are summarized. Then, the treatment performance on marble and limestone is reviewed, in terms of protective and consolidating effectiveness, compatibility (aesthetic, microstructural and physical) and durability. Some pilot applications in real case studies are also reported. Recent research aimed at extending the phosphate treatment to other substrates is then illustrated. Finally, the strengths of the phosphate treatment are summarized, in comparison with alternative products, and some aspects needing future research are outlined.

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“…In this study, a treatment based on hydroxyapatite (HAP), recently proposed for protection of marble (Graziani et al, 2016;Naidu et al, 2011;Naidu et al, 2016;Possenti et al, 2016;Sassoni et al, 2018a;Yang and Liu, 2014) and consolidation of marble and limestone (Liu and Zhang, 2011;Ma et al, 2017;Matteini et al, 2011;Molina et al, 2017;Sassoni and Franzoni, 2014a;Sassoni et al, 2015;Sassoni et al, 2018a;Yang et al, 2011), was investigated as a possible route to arrest and prevent bowing of thin marble slabs. The treatment was originally developed to create an insoluble, protective layer of HAP on marble, taking advantage of the much lower solubility and slower dissolution rate of HAP compared to calcite (Naidu et al, 2011;Naidu and Scherer, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bowing of marble slabs: can the phenomenon be arrested and prevented by inorganic treatments?

et al. 2018

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Bowing of thin marble slabs is a phenomenon affecting both historic monuments and modern buildings. In spite of the ubiquity and destructiveness of this phenomenon, no fully satisfactory treatment is currently available to arrest and/or prevent bowing. In this study, a treatment based on formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) was investigated as a possible route to arrest and possibly prevent bowing of Carrara marble slabs. Four different formulations of the HAP-treatment were tested and compared to ammonium oxalate and ethyl silicate (widely used in the practice of marble conservation). The treatments were applied onto pre-weathered and unweathered specimens to investigate their ability to arrest and prevent bowing, respectively. Marble behavior was studied in terms of residual strain and bowing after thermal cycles up to 90°C in dry and wet conditions. Marble cohesion was assessed before and after the thermal cycles by ultrasound. The HAP-treatments exhibited promising results, as the residual strain and the bowing after the cycles were always lower or equal to the untreated references, while marble cohesion was always higher. Surprisingly, ammonium oxalate caused marked worsening of marble thermal behavior. In the case of ethyl silicate, most of the initial benefit after consolidation was lost after the thermal cycles. In general, the results of the study point out the importance of evaluating marble thermal behavior to assess the suitability of any conservation treatment and suggest that treatments able to strengthen marble without causing excessive pore occlusion and stiffening are preferable to enhance durability to thermal cycles.

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Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Biomaterial for the Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Sculptures

Cited by 17 publications

References 6 publications

Sugaring marble in the Monumental Cemetery in Bologna (Italy): characterization of naturally and artificially weathered samples and first results of consolidation by hydroxyapatite

Sugaring marble in the Monumental Cemetery in Bologna (Italy): characterization of naturally and artificially weathered samples and first results of consolidation by hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite and Other Calcium Phosphates for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: A Review

Bowing of marble slabs: can the phenomenon be arrested and prevented by inorganic treatments?

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