Synthesis and characterization of black phosphorus intercalation compounds

Nishii, Takumi; Maruyama, Yusei; Inabe, Tamotsu; Shirotani, Ichimin

doi:10.1016/0379-6779(87)90940-4

Cited by 53 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…[18,22,23] These synthetic methods were improved by using the more-stable red phosphorus as the starting material and BELTapparatus.T he high-temperature transformation of white phosphorus to BP was investigated in detail by Keyes, [24] who observed that the transformation occurred in af ew minutes at 200 8 8Cu nder 1.3 GPa, and was accompanied by ar eduction in volume.T hese methods involving rapid phase transformation at relatively low temperatures only yield very small crystals and ingots,w ith crystallite sizes below 100 mm. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Significant improvements in the high-pressure/high-temperature synthesis of BP were achieved by using high-pressure apparatus with ac ubic or tetrahedral anvil. [25] In this procedure, white phosphorus was heated at 1230 8 8Ca nd then slowly cooled under apressure of 2.2 GPa.…”

Section: Bulk Black Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Phosphorus Rediscovered: From Bulk Material to Monolayers

2017

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Phosphorus is a nonmetal with several allotropes, from the highly reactive white phosphorus to the thermodynamically stable black phosphorus (BP) with a puckered orthorhombic layered structure. The bulk form of BP was first synthesized in 1914, but received little attention until it was rediscovered in 2014 as a member of the new wave of 2D layered nanomaterials. BP can be exfoliated to a single sheet that acts as a semiconductor with a tunable direct band gap, a high carrier mobility at room temperature, and an in-plane anisotropy. The development of BP applications is hampered by surface degradation, thus efforts to achieve effective BP passivation are ongoing, such as its integration in van der Waals heterostructures. BP has been tested as a novel nanomaterial in batteries, transistors, sensors, and photonics. This Review begins with the origin of the BP story, following the path from a bulk material to modern few/single layers. The physical and chemical properties are summarized, and the state-of-the-art of BP applications highlighted.

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Section: Bulk Black Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Phosphorus Rediscovered: From Bulk Material to Monolayers

2017

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“…It has a graphene-like structure, in which the layers are bound with weak van der Walls forces [19,20]. The mechanical exfoliation of black phosphorus allows researchers to obtain a 2D material called phosphorene [18,21], which is analogous to graphene.…”

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Ultrafast thulium-doped fiber laser mode locked with black phosphorus

et al. 2015

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We report, for the first time to our knowledge, the usage of black phosphorus (BP) as a saturable absorber for the mode locking of a thulium-doped fiber laser. We have experimentally shown that BP exhibits saturable absorption in the 2 μm wavelength range and supports ultrashort pulse generation. The saturable absorber was based on mechanically exfoliated BP deposited on a fiber connector tip. The laser was capable of generating 739 fs pulses centered at 1910 nm. Our results show that BP might be considered as a universal broadband saturable absorber that could successfully compete with graphene or other low-dimension nanomaterials.

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“…Intercalation is an usual method to dope electrons into layered materials. However, for the black phosphorus system, to the best of our knowledge, there are no homogeneous and stable donor intercalated compounds yet [58]. Although the donor-type atoms or molecules can hardly be intercalated inside the interlayers, it is suggested that those can be adsorbed at the surface [29], which implies the chemical doping by adsorption for monolayer will be much easier and more efficient than that for bulk.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Although the donor-type atoms or molecules can hardly be intercalated inside the interlayers, it is suggested that those can be adsorbed at the surface [29], which implies the chemical doping by adsorption for monolayer will be much easier and more efficient than that for bulk. Alkali atom Cs might be a promising donor-type atom for the adsorption [58]. The bands of the adsorbed atoms in phosphorene may occur at the E F and have multiple beneficial effects on λ [11,59], which may enhance the superconductivity.…”

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Electron-doped phosphorene: A potential monolayer superconductor

Shao¹,

Lu²,

Lv³

et al. 2014

EPL

110

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-We predict by first-principles calculations that the electron-doped phosphorene is a potential BCS-like superconductor. The stretching modes at the Brillouin-zone center are remarkably softened by the electron-doping, which results in the strong electron-phonon coupling. The superconductivity can be introduced by a doped electron density (n2D) above 1.3 × 10 14 cm −2 , and may exist over the liquid helium temperature when n2D > 2.6 × 10 14 cm −2 . The superconductivity can be significantly tuned and enhanced by applying tensile strain. The maximum critical temperature of electron doped phosphorene is predicted to be higher than 10 K. The superconductivity of phosphorene will significantly broaden the applications of this novel material.The two-dimensional (2D) monolayer superconductor bears consequences for both applications and fundamental science. It can be used as the component of nanoscale superconducting devices, such as nano superconducting quantum interference devices and nano superconducting transistors [1][2][3][4][5], with the goal of achieving single-spin sensitivity for measuring and controlling. Moreover, the high-T c superconductors with the quasi-2D layered structures, such as MgB 2 [6], cuprate superconductors [7,8], and ironbased superconductors [9], can be seen as the assembly of multiple monolayers. Geim et al. [10] proposed to construct the high-T c -superconductor-like Van der Waals heterostructures using the monolayer superconductors, which may be helpful for the exploration of new high-T c superconductors. A graphene-like monolayer superconductor seems to be the natural choice of such applications. It is suggested that the carrier-doped graphene [11][12][13] and graphane [14] may exhibit superconductivity with notable T c . However, the experimental evidences are still lacking. Using the liquid-gate method, one can introduce the superconductivity into the few-layer semiconductor MoS 2 [15], which may be driven by the electron-phonon coupling (a) E-mail: wjlu@issp.ac.cn (b) E-mail: ypsun@issp.ac.cn [16]. But the thickness of such material is still far from one layer. More monolayer superconductor candidates still need to be found.Here we show a potential monolayer superconductor: electron-doped phosphorene. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we found the electrondoping can make the stretching modes at zone center significantly softened, leading to a strong electron-phonon coupling. The superconductivity starts showing up when the carrier density (n 2D ) is 1.3 × 10 14 cm −2 . When n 2D > 2.6 × 10 14 cm −2 , the T c exceeds the liquid helium temperature. Moreover, the application of tensile strain can significantly tune and enhance the superconductivity. The maximum T c is predicted to be higher than 10 K. Our prediction can be readily verified by the liquid-gate method [15,[17][18][19], or the adsorption of the alkali/alkalineearth metal atoms. Figure 1 shows the structures of bulk black phosphorus (black-P) and monolayer black-P (which is called phosphoren...

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Synthesis and characterization of black phosphorus intercalation compounds

Cited by 53 publications

References 8 publications

Black Phosphorus Rediscovered: From Bulk Material to Monolayers

Black Phosphorus Rediscovered: From Bulk Material to Monolayers

Ultrafast thulium-doped fiber laser mode locked with black phosphorus

Electron-doped phosphorene: A potential monolayer superconductor

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