Synthesis and characterization of carbon cryogel microspheres from lignin–furfural mixtures for biodiesel production

Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad; Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina; Asmadi, Mohd

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.067

Cited by 30 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The method of gel synthesis was that referred to in a previous study [9]. However, the reaction condition between liquefied EFB mixture and furfural has been modified.…”

Section: Carbon Cryogel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phenol and its derivatives are usually used with formaldehyde as the feedstocks in gel synthesis. Previously, tannin and furfural [8] and lignin and furfural [9] have been used as substitutes for phenol and formaldehyde. Use of ionic liquid as composite in the synthesis of gel has been reported [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The synthesized gel was freeze-dried to produce cryogel and finally carbonized into carbon cryogel. Based on our previous studies, the carbon cryogel produced have potential to be applied as acid catalyst for the esterification reaction [9,11]. As for the ethyl levulinate production, many acid catalysts have been applied for the reaction between levulinic acid and ethanol to produce ethyl levulinate [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization Studies of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Liquefaction for Carbon Cryogel Production as Catalyst in Levulinic Acid Esterification

2018

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Liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was investigated in this study. The experiments were designed based on central composite by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions for the predicted liquefied EFB yield of 80.97 wt% was obtained at the temperature of 151.9 °C, a reaction time of 112.78 min and a ratio (Ionic liquid to EFB) of 4.27. The Regression coefficient (R2) for the model was 0.90 indicating a high correlation between observed and predicted values. The liquefied EFB mixture was used in the preparation of carbon cryogel via a sol-gel poly-condensation reaction and calcination process. The presence of sulfuric acid during the gel synthesis promoted an active site on the gel linkage and surface. The carbon cryogel prepared was tested as catalyst in an esterification reaction. The conversion of levulinic acid and yield of ethyl levulinate were reported as 58.7% ansd 57.2 mol%, respectively.

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“…The method of gel synthesis was that referred to in a previous study [9]. However, the reaction condition between liquefied EFB mixture and furfural has been modified.…”

Section: Carbon Cryogel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization Studies of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Liquefaction for Carbon Cryogel Production as Catalyst in Levulinic Acid Esterification

2018

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“…In these processes, lignin was predominantly incurred as waste, from which only a small part was processed in commercial applications (~1,000,000 tons/year; ≈2%) 12 , while the majority of the waste was simply combusted to produce energy. In the last two decades, intensive research on lignin conversion to valuable chemicals 13–19 and biofuels 13, 20–23 has been performed and the use of lignin as sustainable biopolymer has grown significantly. Among several possible technical processes, electrochemical conversion of lignin raw material has recently evolved as a potentially sustainable waste valorization procedure to generate valuable chemicals from its monomeric complement of components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Electrochemical Depolymerization of Lignin in Reusable Ionic Liquids

Dier

Rauber

Durneata

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Lignin’s aromatic building blocks provide a chemical resource that is, in theory, ideal for substitution of aromatic petrochemicals. Moreover, degradation and valorization of lignin has the potential to generate many high-value chemicals for technical applications. In this study, electrochemical degradation of alkali and Organosolv lignin was performed using the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate and triethylammonium methanesulfonate. The extensive degradation of the investigated lignins with simultaneous almost full recovery of the electrolyte materials provided a sustainable alternative to more common lignin degradation processes. We demonstrate here that both the presence (and the absence) of water during electrolysis and proton transport reactions had significant impact on the degradation efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide radical formation promoted certain electrochemical mechanisms in electrolyte systems “contaminated” with water and increased yields of low molecular weight products significantly. The proposed mechanisms were tentatively confirmed by determining product distributions using a combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, allowing measurement of both polar versus non-polar as well as volatile versus non-volatile components in the mixtures.

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“…The restructuring of carbon bonding was occurs and lead to formation of amorphous phase structure. The amorphous carbon with a complex arrangement of structure was oriented with random aromatic carbon arrangement (Hara 2010;Okamura et al 2006;Zainol et al 2015). New diffraction peaks for magnetic phase are shown by magnetic adsorbents compared to the parent materials.…”

Section: Study Of Phase Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Impregnated Magnetic Particles on Oil Palm Frond Activated Carbon for Metal Ions Removal

Zainol

Amin²,

Asmadi³

2017

JSM

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The magnetic adsorbents i.e. oil palm frond-magnetic particles (OPF-MP) and oil palm frond activated carbon-magnetic particles (OPFAC-MP) have been prepared by impregnation of iron oxide via co-precipitation Bahan penjerap magnet iaitu zarah magnet pelepah kelapa sawit (OPF-MP) dan zarah magnet pelepah kelapa sawit zarah karbon aktifan (OPFAC-MP) telah disediakan dengan menjejal besi oksida melalui kaedah pemendakan bersama. Bahan penjerap magnet dan bahan induknya telah dicirikan menggunakan transformasi Fourier inframerah (FTIR), analisis termogravimetri (TGA), mikroskop elektron imbasan pancaran medan (FESEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), Barrett, Joyner & Halenda (BJH) dan kaedah t-plot, pembelauan sinar-x (XRD) dan

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Synthesis and characterization of carbon cryogel microspheres from lignin–furfural mixtures for biodiesel production

Cited by 30 publications

References 32 publications

Optimization Studies of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Liquefaction for Carbon Cryogel Production as Catalyst in Levulinic Acid Esterification

Optimization Studies of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Liquefaction for Carbon Cryogel Production as Catalyst in Levulinic Acid Esterification

Sustainable Electrochemical Depolymerization of Lignin in Reusable Ionic Liquids

Preparation and Characterization of Impregnated Magnetic Particles on Oil Palm Frond Activated Carbon for Metal Ions Removal

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