Synthesis and Characterization of Gyroidal Mesoporous Carbons and Carbon Monoliths with Tunable Ultralarge Pore Size

Werner, Jörg G.; Hoheisel, Tobias N.; Wiesner, Ulrich

doi:10.1021/nn405392t

Cited by 99 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…DG‐structured templates are usually acquired from diblcok copolymer systems. For SG templates, we can selectively etch away one of the two chemically distinct DG channels in alternative DG systems . Figure a,b demonstrate the fabrication process of DG templates from AB systems and SG templates from ABC systems, respectively.…”

Section: Classification Of G Templatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from solar cells, semiconductor metal oxides with DG morphology are also candidates for electrochromic and electrochemical pseudocapacitor devices, as we know that fast and efficient ion intercalation/extraction and electron transport for surface reaction are key factors determining the performances of electrochromic displays and electrochemical energy storage devices. GSFMs on a 10 nm length scale with their high specific surface area, interconnectivity, and structural integrity exactly fulfill these demands.…”

Section: Matter Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Engineering Gyroid‐Structured Functional Materials via Templates Discovered in Nature and in the Lab

Zhang

2015

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In search of optimal structures for functional materials fabrication, the gyroid (G) structure has emerged as a promising subject of widespread research due to its distinct symmetry, 3D interconnected networks, and inherent chiral helices. In the past two decades, researchers have made great progress fabricating G-structured functional materials (GSFMs) based on G templates discovered both in nature and in the lab. The GSFMs demonstrate extraordinary resonance when interacting with light and matter. The superior properties of GSFMs can be divided into two categories based on the dominant structural properties, namely, dramatic optical performances dominated by short-range symmetry and well-defined texture, and effective matter transport due to long-range 3D interconnections and high integrity. In this review, G templates suitable for fabrication of GSFMs are summarized and classified. State-of-the-art optical applications of GSFMs, including photonic bandgap materials, chiral devices, plasmonic materials, and matamaterials, are systematically discussed. Applications of GSFMs involved in effective electron transport and mass transport, including electronic devices, ultrafiltration, and catalysis, are highlighted. Existing challenges that may hinder the final application of GSFMS together with possible solutions are also presented.

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Section: Classification Of G Templatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Matter Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Gyroid‐Structured Functional Materials via Templates Discovered in Nature and in the Lab

Zhang

2015

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“…Following the BrunauerÀEmmettÀTeller (BET) method, the specific surface area has been estimated as 885 m 2 g À1 , which is comparable to that reported in the literature. 32 As shown in Figure 5b and c, the sample has been found to have pores with sizes in both the micro and meso ranges. The SF (SaitoÀFoley) and BJH (BarrettÀJoynerÀHalenda) methods have been employed to estimate the pore sizes in the micro (<2 nm) and meso ranges (2À 50 nm), respectively.…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 86%

“…31 Recently Wiesner et al also reported the fabrication of porous carbon material using block copolymers with gyroid structure. 32 In this study, we explore the fabrication and characterization of such novel carbon materials by employing polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) block copolymers and the amphiphilic molecule 3-pentadecylphenol (PDP), which together form a gyroid morphology as a sacrificial template. We apply the obtained nanoporous carbon as a material to design cathodes for lithium sulfur batteries, which have a very high theoretic specific energy of 2600 Wh/kg due to the extraordinary theoretical specific capacity of 1675 mAh/g of sulfur.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoporous Cathodes for High-Energy Li–S Batteries from Gyroid Block Copolymer Templates

et al. 2015

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This study reports on a facile approach to the fabrication of nanoporous carbon cathodes for lithium sulfur batteries using gyroid carbon replicas based on use of polystyrene-poly-4-vinylpyridine (PS-P4VP) block copolymers as sacrificial templates. The free-standing gyroid carbon network with a highly ordered and interconnected porous structure has been fabricated by impregnating the carbon precursor solution into the gyroid block copolymer nanotemplates and subsequently carbonizing them. A wide range of analytical tools have been employed to characterize fabricated porous carbon material. Prepared nanostructures are envisioned to have a great potential in myriad areas such as energy storage/conversion devices owing to their fascinating morphology exhibiting high surface area and uniform porosity with interconnected three-dimensional networks. The resulting carbon nanoporous structures infused with elemental sulfur have been found to work as a promising electrode for lithium sulfur batteries demonstrating a high cycling stability over more than 200 cycles.

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“…Note that the alignment of the different structures was performed using all the atoms of GNC structures. Further, the RMSF gives information about the local rigidity/flexibility of an atom of a given system during a MD run: (2) where N time is the production time of the MD simulation and ⟨r i ⟩ is the average position of atom i. Note the difference between the information included in RMSD and RMSF: RMSF implements averages over time (N time ), yielding a different value for each atom i while RMSD uses ensemble averaging over all the particles (N atom ), at a given time value t.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte Diffusion in Gyroidal Nanoporous Carbon

et al. 2015

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The structural properties of gyroidal nanoporous carbon (GNC) materials and their diffusion properties are investigated using a combination of molecular dynamics methods. We consider nine different GNC materials with variable pore geometry and pore size to establish that the local curvature induced by the presence of specific carbon ring size imposes highly specific behavior on electrolyte diffusion inside the GNC channels. We also find that GNC materials containing carbon square and heptagon motifs are globally more rigid and locally more flexible than GNC materials containing octagonal rings. The most rigid GNC's present a faster water diffusion, indicating that the diffusion properties can be controlled by a proper choice of gyroid size and density. The analysis emphasizes that a fine balance between water permeation and ionic conduction can lead to GNC materials with attractive properties for nanofluidic applications. The impact of these findings are discussed in terms of their ionic transport, water filtration, and energy storage properties. ■ INTRODUCTIONMathematically, a gyroid adopts a cubic structure that can be described by Schoen's G surface, i.e., a triply periodic minimal surface that divides space into two equally sized, noninteracting volumes. 1 Gyroidal mesoporous carbon (GMC) materials with tunable pore size have been recently synthesized and characterized. 2 They present a high three-dimensionally connected porosity and therefore a high pore accessibility at the micrometer length scale. In addition, GMC materials can be chemically modified to form core−shell nanocomposites. 3 They can also be assembled using materials other than carbon, 4 thereby offering versatile opportunities for a range of energy related applications. At the nanoscale, numerous porous carbon materials have shown a tremendous potential for applications in a number of fields such as energy storage, supercapacitors, or water filtration. For example, graphene oxide framework (GOF) materials with large pore size, pore volume, and high accessible surface area can be used for gas storage, catalytic support, and energy storage. 5,6 Moreover, mesoporous as well as nanoporous carbon materials have shown great properties for supercapacitor applications depending on pore shapes. 7−9 Finally, carbon nanotubes, 10−12 nanoporous graphene, 13,14 graphyne, 15,16 graphene oxide, 17 or GOFs 18,19 have been tested as semipermeable membranes for water filtration, showing attractive performance in terms of water permeability and ion rejection.Here we introduce a new type of nanopores and membranes built from gyroid surfaces decorated with single-layer carbon materials. These gyroidal nanoporous carbon (GNC) materials are monolayer equivalent to GMC materials but with pores exhibiting nanometer-scale features. First-principles calculations of the electronic properties of specific GNC structures were recently performed to demonstrate that GNC materials have tunable electronic properties depending on their density. 20,21 However, there have been no ...

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Synthesis and Characterization of Gyroidal Mesoporous Carbons and Carbon Monoliths with Tunable Ultralarge Pore Size

Cited by 99 publications

References 43 publications

Engineering Gyroid‐Structured Functional Materials via Templates Discovered in Nature and in the Lab

Engineering Gyroid‐Structured Functional Materials via Templates Discovered in Nature and in the Lab

Nanoporous Cathodes for High-Energy Li–S Batteries from Gyroid Block Copolymer Templates

Electrolyte Diffusion in Gyroidal Nanoporous Carbon

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