Synthesis and Characterization of Injectable Sulfonate-Containing Hydrogels

Abstract

Sulfonate-containing hydrogels are of particular interest because of their tunable mechanical and swelling properties, as well as their biological effects. Polysulfonate copolymers were synthesized by reacting 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), acrylamide (AM), and acrylic acid (AA). We found that the incorporation rate of sulfonate-containing monomer and the molecular weight of the copolymer were significantly enhanced by increasing the ionic strength of the solution. We introduced thiol groups by modifying the pendant carboxylates or copolymerizing along with a disulfide-containing monomer. The thiol-containing copolymers were reacted with a 4-arm acrylamide-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) via a thiol–ene click reaction, which was mediated by a photoinitiator, a redox initiator, or a base-catalyzed Michael-Addition. We were able to tailor the storage modulus (33–1800 Pa) and swelling capacity (1–91 wt %) of the hydrogel by varying the concentration of the copolymers. We determined that the injectable sulfonate-containing hydrogels were biocompatible up to 20 mg/mL, as observed by an electric cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technique, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using three different cell lines: human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), fibroblasts (NIH 3T3), and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO).

PEEK surface modification by fast ambient-temperature sulfonation for bone implant applications

“…In particular, sulfonation can be used to increase the hydrophilicity of PEEK by introducing charged sulfonate (2SO 3 2) groups into the polymer backbone [17]. Furthermore, polymeric scaffolds bearing sulfonate groups, such as polysulfonate copolymer hydrogels, have been found to increase non-specific interactions between the scaffold and the glycocalyx molecules found on the cell outer membrane, thereby enhancing the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblast-like cells [18][19][20].…”

3‐Dimensional Printing of Hydrogel‐Based Nanocomposites: A Comprehensive Review on the Technology Description, Properties, and Applications

“…[ 156 ] Other hydrogels have been extensively used in tissue engineering. [ 156–176 ] Table 4 shows the biological properties, including cellular assay and cell type of hydrogel‐based scaffolds.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of cryogel microcarriers for sustained local delivery of anticancer therapeutics to Glioblastoma multiforme

“…Release studies for loaded doxorubicin propose that an ion-exchange mechanism might be involved in drug elution to the surrounding environment (Lewis et al 2006). Based on this similar mode of action, Ahnfelt et al (Ahnfelt et al 2016) Due to their unique property to bind cationic drugs via ionizable functional groups, sulfonatecontaining hydrogels have been gaining status in sustained and local delivery techniques in areas such as skin substitution, cartilage tissue engineering, and treatment of joint diseases (Liang et al 2016).…”

“…Doxorubicin is assumed to be slightly positively charged due to its amine group functionality. As sulphonate-based polymeric microcarriers have been able to load doxorubicin electrostatically because of an ionizable functional group present, incorporation of SPA in PEGDA cryogel microcarriers was hypothesized for effective doxorubicin elution (Liang et al 2016). Both uptake and release were monitored by a combination of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and put in relation to a standard curve measured simultaneously.…”