Synthesis and characterization of micro-nano carbon filler from Jatropha seeds

Abstract

Biochar was synthesized from biomass (jatropha seeds) through a low microwave pyrolysis temperature of 180 °C with microwave power of 2kW. A ball milling process reduced the jatropha seed biochar size and converted it into micro-nano carbon biofiller. After ball milling, the biochar size was reduced from 1 to 3 mm to the 10 µm to 600 nm range, which is around a 90% reduction in size. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis were used to determine the jatropha seed biofillers properties with respect to the ball milling processes. BET results revealed increasing surface area from 0.10 to 3.67 m2/g, and EDS results revealed the elemental composition of the jatropha seed biofillers. The carbon mass percentage increased from 72.6 to 81.2%. Both results were after ball milling for 30 hours. The FTIR results revealed an increase in transmittance intensity and some reduction in peaks after ball milling. Production of micro-nano carbon fillers from microwave pyrolysis jatropha seeds biochar are applicable as reinforcement fillers for high strength composite material fabrications. Scanning electron microscopy, EDS, FTIR, and BET analysis results indicated size reduction of the biochar with increased carbon content from 72.6 to 81.2% as surface area increased from 0.10 to 3.67 m2/g after 30 hours of ball milling.

Synthesis and characterization of ground biochar (GB) reinforced composites for removal of heavy metal from palm oil mill effluent (POME)

“…2 indicated that the study of biochar and GB did not reveal any significant changes, as the spectra patterns appeared the same regardless of their transmittance intensities. This result was predicted by Nyuk Khui et al (2020) due to the formation of new pores and increased surface area after the ball milling process. However, the ball milling does not affect the presence of functional groups in the sample, which shows similar effects to the chemical pre-treatment analysis.…”

“…2 shows the presence of functional groups in both biochar and ground biochar (GB), representing their complex characteristics. A strong and sharp peak was observed at 3741.9 cm -1 , indicating strong O-H stretching bands in both biochar and ground biochar samples (Nyuk Khui et al 2020. According to Senturk and Yildiz (2020), this finding was indeed due to the presence of O-H groups in lignocellulosic materials.…”

Synthesis and characterization of novel nano-carbon mixture from Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum) nutshell

“…The adsorption capabilities of both activated carbons were shown in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively (Khui et al 2020). ) is a sustainable material that can create useful mixture material for adsorption applications.…”

“…In this study, two types of carbonaceous materials were prepared, including non-AC and AC. Finally, nano-sized particles were prepared using milling AC and nano-AC along with TiO2 and montmorillonite (Khui et al 2020). The manufactured mixture was compatible with each other, and it provides a larger surface area due to the montmorillonite (MMT) nano-clay which has easily helped to bind the pollutants from wastewater.…”

Nano‐biochar: Properties and prospects for sustainable agriculture

“…Higher hemicelluloses resulted in nano‐BC with a higher surface area compared to high lignin biomass (Chen et al, 2011). Moreover, an inverse relationship between surface area and carbon mass percentage with particle size has been reported (Khui et al, 2020).…”