Synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective extraction of oxazepam from complex environmental and biological samples

Abstract

Oxazepam, one of the most frequently prescribed anxiolytic drugs, is not completely removed from waste waters with conventional treatment processes. It can thus also be found in environmental waters at trace levels, human urine constituting the major source of contamination. This study focussed then on the development and characterisation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the selective solidphase extraction of oxazepam at the trace levels from environmental water and human urine samples . Two MIPs were thus synthesized and their selectivity in pure organic and aqueous medium were assayed. After optimizing the extraction procedure adapted to a large sample volume to reach a high enrichment factor, the most promising MIP was applied to the selective extraction of oxazepam from environmental waters. Extraction recoveries of 83 ± 12, 92 ± 4 and 89 ± 10% were obtained using the MIP for tap, mineral and river water respectively while a recovery close to 40% was obtained on the corresponding non-imprinted polymer (NIP). Thanks to the high enrichment factors obtained, the LOQ was of 4.5 ng L -1 for river water. A selective extraction procedure was also developed for urine sample and gave rise to extraction recoveries close to 95% on MIP and of only 23% on NIP, which. Using the MIP, a LOQ of 357 ng L -1 for oxazepam in urine was obtained. The use of the MIP also allowed to limit matrix effects encountered for the quantification of the oxazepam in environmental samples and in human urine samples after extraction on Oasis HLB sorbent.

Development and Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Selective Extraction of Chlordecone from Bovine Serum

“…Four couples of MIP/NIPs (MIP/NIP 1-4) were synthesized using CLD-OH as a template molecule, EGDMA as a crosslinker, and different combinations of monomers and solvents (details in Table 1). The polymers were synthesized using the most commonly used molar ratio between the template, the monomer, and the crosslinker: 1/4/20 [33,[35][36][37][38]. Briefly, 0.5 mmol of the template was mixed with 2 mmol of the monomer in 0.9 mL of porogen.…”

Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods

“…Varenne et al. [ 109 ] found that extraction using the HLB column showed more complex peaks than the MIPs-based method via LC-MS, while recoveries were comparable.…”

“…LC is a widely used analytical technique for separations based on the selectivity of components in the mixture for the stationary and mobile phases. The application of the LC method for BDZs is shown in Table S5 [ [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , 32 , 34 , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , 49 , 51 , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , 63 , 65 , [69] , [70] , [71] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , 81 , [87] , [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] , [95] , [96] , [97] , [98] , [99] , [100] , [101] , [102] , [104] , [105] , [106] , [107] , [109] , [110] , [111] , [112] , 115 , [119] , [120] , [121] , …”

Application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as environmental separation tools

“…Additionally, the research explored the influence of the crosslinker's composition by synthesizing MIPs with two variants: one using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), a commonly utilized crosslinker with MAA for MIP synthesis (referred to as MIP/NIP 1), and the other employing divinylbenzene (DVB), selected for its ability to establish π–π interactions with compounds possessing aromatic groups (referred to as MIP/NIP 2). 52…”

“…Furthermore, the study delved into the influence of the crosslinker's nature by producing MIPs with either ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), commonly used in conjunction with MAA for MIP synthesis (referred to as MIP/NIP 1), or divinylbenzene (DVB), chosen for its ability to establish π–π interactions with compounds containing aromatic groups (referred to as MIP/NIP 2). 52…”