Dermal penetration potentials of titanium dioxide nanoparticles
(TiO2 NPs) may be affected by aggregation upon contact
with sweat. This study investigated the aggregation kinetics of three
TiO2 NPs in thirty human sweat samples and four artificial
sweat standards. Effects of particle concentration, sweat type, and
inorganic (sodium chloride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium
dihydrogen phosphate) and organic (l-histidine, lactic acid,
and urea) constituents were examined. Three TiO2 NPs remained
colloidally stable in >20/30 human sweat samples and showed significant
negative correlations (P < 0.01) between aggregation
rates and |zeta potentials|. They aggregated rapidly over 20 min to
>750 nm in three artificial sweat standards, while remained more
stable
in the International-Standard-Organization-pH-5.5 standard. Aggregation
behaviors of three TiO2 NPs mostly followed the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek
(DLVO) theory, allowing for determining their critical coagulation
concentrations in inorganic constituents (15–491 mM) and Hamaker
constants (3.3–7.9 × 10–21 J). Higher
concentrations of particles, inorganic constituents, and l-histidine destabilized three TiO2 NPs, whereas urea inhibited
aggregation. Three TiO2 NPs adsorbed organic sweat constituents
via complexation with amino or carboxyl groups, with isotherms following
the Langmuir model. Correlation analyses further suggested that the
adsorbed organic constituents may stabilize three TiO2 NPs
against aggregation in sweat by steric hindrance.