Synthesis and Characterization of New Imidazole Phthalocyanine for Photodegradation of Micro-Organic Pollutants from Sea Water

Abstract

In this study, a series of new metal phthalocyanines with imidazole function MPc(Imz) (M: Cd, Hg, Zn and Pd) were synthesized to improve the photocatalyst performances. All physical properties such as total energy, HOMO, LUMO energies of MPc(Imz), as well as their vibrational frequencies have been determined by DFT method using B3LYP theory level at 6-311G (d, p) and sdd basis set. The gap of energy level between work function (WF) of ITO and LUMO of PdPc(Imdz) was 1.53 eV and represents the highest barrier beneficial to electron injection compared to WF of ZnPc(Imz), HgPc(Imz), and CdPc(Imz). Furthermore, the PdPc(Imdz) thin films on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass were prepared by spin coating and vacuum evaporation technique, and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface electron morphology (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the ITO/glass supported thin films and degradation rates of chlorinated phenols in synthetic seawater, under visible light irradiation were optimized to achieve conversions of 80–90%. Experiments on synthetic seawater samples showed that the chloride-specific increase in photodegradation could be attributed to photochemically generated chloride radicals rather than other photoproduced reactive intermediates [e.g., excited-state triplet PdPc(Imz) (3PdPc(Imz)*), reactive oxygen species]. The major 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol degradation intermediates identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol, 3,5-dichlorophenol, dichlorodihydroxy-benzene and 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol.

Impedance Spectroscopy and Dielectric Relaxation of Imidazole-Substituted Palladium(II) Phthalocyanine (ImPdPc) for Organic Solar Cells

“…Palladium(II) tetrakis (imidazole) phthalocyanine (PdPc(Imz) 4 ) was synthesized from 4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phthalonitrile and palladium(II) acetate, in the presence of the catalyst 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as described in previous papers. 26,27 The synthesis route is shown in Figure 19 The pellets were obtained in the form of circular discs that were 8 mm in diameter and 2.3 mm in thickness and were painted on both sides with a conductive silver paste to behave as ohmic contacts. The complex impedance measurements were performed by a TEGAM 3550 impedance analyzer monitored by a microcomputer in the frequency range 1−10 MHz.…”

“…Palladium­(II) tetrakis (imidazole) phthalocyanine (PdPc­(Imz) 4 ) was synthesized from 4-(1 H -imidazol-1-yl)­phthalonitrile and palladium­(II) acetate, in the presence of the catalyst 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]­undec-7-ene (DBU) as described in previous papers. , The synthesis route is shown in Figure .…”

“…In previous studies, we characterized PdPc and its derivatives deposited in the form of thin layers by vacuum evaporation and obtained encouraging results. 26 − 28 However, there is insufficient literature regarding the study of imidazole PdPc.…”

Topological Insulating Phase in Single-Layer Pentagonal Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Reticular Design Using Metal Phthalocyanine

“…This is indeed one of the crucial challenges of OTIs for experimental observations. To overcome this problem, we take advantage of the fact that metal phthalocyanine can be made using a variety of metal ions with a charge of +2, for example, cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), − which can be used to tune the SOC strength. It will soon become clear that different metal centers can be associated with different λ values in the TB model.…”

Comparison of Three Catalytic Processes in Degradation of HPAM by tBu-TPyzPzCo

“…In practical applications, the three have some shortcomings. The application of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation technology is less limited, and it is more suitable for the treatment of refractory organic wastewater [1][2][3][4][5]. The actual operation of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation technology can be subdivided into photocatalytic oxidation technology, electrocatalytic oxidation technology and photoelectrocatalytic oxidation technology [6][7][8].…”