Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(L-Lactic acid)/Clay Nanocomposite via Metal-Free Process

Başaran, İhsan; Oral, Ayhan

doi:10.1080/03602559.2013.814146

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The aspect ratios applied to the model were those calculated from TEM images. The resulting values (Halpin–Tsai Model in Fig. ) are very close to the experimental data, corroborating a utilitarian feature of structure–property relationship in the PA6/MS nanocomposites prepared in this work.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…In recent years, polymer nanocomposites based on layered silicates have attracted the interest of many researchers, because a very small amount of such fillers can guarantee improvement of the mechanical and barrier characteristics of the resulting materials to a desired practical level . It is well‐established that incorporation of nanofillers rather than conventional microfillers in polymers is more effective for achieving superior characteristics .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multidisciplinary approach to understanding of structure-property correlations in polyamide-layered silicate nanocomposites: Expectations and challenges

Kermaniyan

Garmabi

Saeb

et al. 2015

J Vinyl Addit Technol

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Layered silicate-incorporated polyamide 6 (PA6) nanocomposites were studied to undertake correlations between morphological, rheological, permeability, and mechanical characteristics. The microstructure of nanocomposite specimens was seen through X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. In addition, impact, tensile, and permeability data were analyzed combining the theoretical and experimental analyses to draw a convincing conclusion on the state of exfoliation and intercalation of layered silicates throughout the PA6 matrix. The results provided support for the fact that introduction of silicate nanofiller brings about some advantages like higher impact and modulus, at the same time some drawbacks arising from the improper dispersion of nanoplatelets. It was also revealed that microscopic studies do not necessarily agree with each other regarding filler dispersion state. The correlations between microstructure and experimental data from mechanical and permeability tests were checked by some well-established theoretical models. The trends in the test results were somewhat dependent on the state of filler dispersion. The role of the crystalline areas in achieving higher permeability resistance was also discussed, in a short review, to be comprehensively discussed in a future work. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:35-44, 2017.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multidisciplinary approach to understanding of structure-property correlations in polyamide-layered silicate nanocomposites: Expectations and challenges

Kermaniyan

Garmabi

Saeb

et al. 2015

J Vinyl Addit Technol

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show abstract

“…Application of microwave heating to chemical reactions has received a lot of attention in the past few years. 15 Due to its qualities such as high efficiency, the capability of uniform heating and reduced reaction time, a large number of chemical reactions undergo a signicant increase in reaction speed due to microwave irradiation compared to the general methods for heat-irradiation such as furnace chamber and LASER heating etc. [17][18][19][20] Liu et al 19 and Cheng et al 20 investigated the microwave-assisted radical polymerization of styrene with a faster polymerization rate in comparison to conventional heating.…”

Section: -27mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15,[26][27][28] One such project is InnoREX. 28 The main aim of this project was to combine eco-friendly catalysis with reactive extrusion (REX) for ROP of lactide to obtain a high throughput.…”

Section: -27mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave energy assisted synthesis of poly lactic acid via continuous reactive extrusion: modelling of reaction kinetics

et al. 2017

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The most commonly used batch process to manufacture PLA is ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide monomer in a suitable solvent, in the presence of a metallic/bimetallic catalyst (Sn, Zn, and Al) or other organic catalysts. However, this process does not lend itself to safer/cleaner and high throughput (and high volume) manufacturing. Continuous reactive extrusion of lactide monomer using a suitable reaction input has the potential to increase the throughput, and this route has been explored in the literature. In this work, reactive extrusion experiments using stannous octoate Sn(Oct) 2 and tri-phenyl phosphine (PPh) 3 , were considered to perform ROP of lactide monomer using the microwave as an alternative energy (AE) source for activating and/or boosting the polymerization. Implementation of a microwave generator in a section of the extruder is one of the novelties of this research. A simulation model of ROP of PLA was formulated to estimate the impact of reaction kinetics and AE source on the polymerization process. Ludovic® software was used for the simulation of continuous reactive extrusion of the process. Experimental and simulated results were compared for the validation of the methodology. This work also highlights the advantages and drawbacks of most conventional metal catalysts, the effect of alternative energies on reaction mechanism, and safe and efficient production of PLA.

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“…Attempts have been made to substitute tin-based catalysts by organic catalysts that exhibit less toxicity or eco-toxicity [17][18][19]. It has also been observed through initial experimental trials that alternative energy sources (LASER, Ultrasounds, microwaves) with the combination of a prominent catalyst source, could be an option to facilitate the ROP of lactide monomers [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling and Validation of Synthesis of Poly Lactic Acid Using an Alternative Energy Source through a Continuous Reactive Extrusion Process

et al. 2016

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PLA is one of the most promising bio-compostable and bio-degradable thermoplastic polymers made from renewable sources. PLA is generally produced by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide using the metallic/bimetallic catalyst (Sn, Zn, and Al) or other organic catalysts in a suitable solvent. In this work, reactive extrusion experiments using stannous octoate Sn(Oct) 2 and tri-phenyl phosphine (PPh) 3 were considered to perform ROP of lactide. Ultrasound energy source was used for activating and/or boosting the polymerization as an alternative energy (AE) source. Ludovic ® software, designed for simulation of the extrusion process, had to be modified in order to simulate the reactive extrusion of lactide and for the application of an AE source in an extruder. A mathematical model for the ROP of lactide reaction was developed to estimate the kinetics of the polymerization process. The isothermal curves generated through this model were then used by Ludovic software to simulate the "reactive" extrusion process of ROP of lactide. Results from the experiments and simulations were compared to validate the simulation methodology. It was observed that the application of an AE source boosts the polymerization of lactide monomers. However, it was also observed that the predicted residence time was shorter than the experimental one. There is potentially a case for reducing the residence time distribution (RTD) in Ludovic ® due to the 'liquid' monomer flow in the extruder. Although this change in parameters resulted in validation of the simulation, it was concluded that further research is needed to validate this assumption.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(L-Lactic acid)/Clay Nanocomposite via Metal-Free Process

Cited by 13 publications

References 44 publications

A multidisciplinary approach to understanding of structure-property correlations in polyamide-layered silicate nanocomposites: Expectations and challenges

A multidisciplinary approach to understanding of structure-property correlations in polyamide-layered silicate nanocomposites: Expectations and challenges

Microwave energy assisted synthesis of poly lactic acid via continuous reactive extrusion: modelling of reaction kinetics

Modelling and Validation of Synthesis of Poly Lactic Acid Using an Alternative Energy Source through a Continuous Reactive Extrusion Process

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