Complexes featuring lanthanide (Ln)–Si
bonds represent a highly neglected research area. Herein, we report
a series of open-shell LnII+ and LnIII+ complexes
bearing σ-bonded silyl and base-stabilized N-heterocyclic silylene
(NHSi) ligands. The reactions of the LnIII+ complexes Cp3Ln (Ln = Tm, Ho, Tb, Gd; Cp = cyclopentadienide) with the
18-crown-6 (18-cr-6)-stabilized 1,4-oligosilanyl dianion [(18-cr-6)KSi(SiMe3)2SiMe2SiMe2Si(SiMe3)2K(18-cr-6)] (1) selectively afford the
corresponding metallacyclopentasilane salts [Cp2Ln({Si(SiMe3)2SiMe2}2)]−[K2(18-cr-6)2Cp]+ [Ln = Tm (2a), Ho (2b), Tb (2c), Gd (2d)]. Complexes 2a–2d represent
the first examples of structurally characterized Tm, Ho, Tb, and Gd
complexes featuring Ln–Si bonds. Strikingly, the analogous
reaction of 1 with the lighter element analogue Cp3Ce affords the acyclic product [Cp3CeSi(SiMe3)2SiMe2SiMe2Si(SiMe3)2-Cp3Ce]2–2[K(18-cr-6)]+ (3) as the first example of a complex featuring
a Ce–Si bond. In an alternative synthetic approach, the aryloxy-functionalized
benzamidinato NHSi ligand Si(OC6H4-2-tBu){(NtBu)2CPh} (4a) and the alkoxy analogue Si(OtBu){(NtBu)2CPh} (4b) were reacted with Cp*2Sm(OEt2), affording, by OEt2 elimination, the
corresponding silylene complexes, both featuring SmII+ centers:
Cp*2Sm ← :Si(O–C6H4-2-tBu){(NtBu)2CPh}
(6) and Cp*2Sm ← :Si(OtBu){(NtBu)2CPh} (5). Complexes 5 and 6 are the first four-coordinate silylene
complexes of any f-block element to date. All complexes were fully
characterized by spectroscopic means and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction
analysis. In the series 2a–2d, a
linear correlation was observed between the Ln–Si bond lengths
and the covalent radii of the corresponding Ln metals. Moreover, in
complexes 5 and 6, notably long Sm–Si
bonds are observed, in accordance with a donor–acceptor interaction
between Si and Sm [5, 3.4396(15) Å; 6, 3.3142(18) Å]. Density functional theory calculations were
carried out for complexes 2a–2d, 5, and 6 to elucidate the bonding situation between
the LnII+ or LnIII+ centers and Si. In particular,
a decrease in the Mayer bond order (MBO) of the Ln–Si bond
is observed in the series 2a–2d in
moving from the lighter to the heavier lanthanides (Tm = 0.53, Ho
= 0.62, Tb = 0.65, and Gd = 0.75), which might indicate decreasing
covalency in the Ln–Si bond. In accordance with the long bond
lengths observed experimentally in complexes 5 and 6, comparatively low MBOs were determined for both silylene
complexes (5, 0.24; 6, 0.25) .